Abuse Counseling Essay, Research Paper

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Abstraction

The effects of substance maltreatment, domestic maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, and nutrient maltreatment in the United States are tremendously dearly-won ( Greeno, 1996 ) . Although the costs can likely be evaluated in dollars, they are more readily understood in human footings: household strife, disregard of kids, personal wretchedness, fiscal passs, medical jobs, HIV infection, legal jobs, captivity, occupation loss, the list goes on. Combating and cut downing the beginning of these jobs has proven to be hard so, but one of the most straightforward and non-controversial ways is to offer effectual intervention, through guidance, to the above-named maltreaters and/or abused. Through the usage of several different modes, counsellors have proven to be an effectual tool for bring forthing positive behavioural alterations ( Capuzzi & A ; Gross, 2001 ) .

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Substance Abuse Counseling

By: Jennifer Reynolds

Substance maltreatment upsets across America are on the rise ( Caplan, 1997 ) . With the ever-increasing figure of persons being diagnosed with substance maltreatment upsets, it is of import that substance maltreatment reding persevere with an ever-increasing success rate. It is estimated that about 30 % of the population will hold a diagnosable substance maltreatment upset in their life-time ( Caplan, 1997 ) . The National Institute on Drug Abuse ( 1990 ) estimates that there are 5.3 million people with a diagnosable drug maltreatment or dependance job at any given clip. The institute besides estimates that merely 15 % of the people in demand of clinical intercession for substance maltreatment upset of all time have it.

The life-time prevalence rates for other mental upsets among individuals diagnosed with substance maltreatment upsets range from 75 % to 85 % ( Caplan, 1997 ) . In add-on, the symptoms of backdown and poisoning for many substances mimic the symptoms of other mental upsets. As a consequence, it is of import that the clinician be able to separate between symptoms originating from, and related to, substance maltreatment upsets, and those related to other mental upsets. Failure to do this differentiation can ensue in a misdiagnosis and hapless intervention planning ( Cappuzzi & A ; Gross, 2001 ) .

The DSM IV describes substance dependance in footings of the symptoms presented in three kingdoms of operation: cognitive, behavioural, and physiological ( APA,

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1994 ) . Before a guidance intervention program is initiated it is of import for clinicians to familiarise themselves with the standards for dependence, tolerance, backdown, and

remittal. Counselors should besides hold a basic apprehension of the 11 categories of substances ( APA, 1994 ) , what the effects of these substances are and how they cause their effects. Problems associated with an single & # 8217 ; s drug dependence can change significantly. Peoples who are addicted to drugs come from all walks of life. Many suffer from mental wellness, occupational, wellness, or societal jobs that make their habit-forming upsets much more hard to handle ( Greeno, 1996 ) . Even if there are few associated jobs, the badness of dependence itself ranges widely among people. Correctly naming substance maltreatment upsets at the earliest possible point in the class of the upset, greatly improves the forecast for the patient ( Caplan, 1997 ) . Once the clinician has decently diagnosed a patient, a assortment of curative techniques can be utilized.

There are many attacks to substance maltreatment guidance. These include community centres, household therapy, agonist therapy, one on one guidance, in patient intervention, vocational rehabilitation, and support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. There are legion other attacks that are besides available, each using its ain techniques. Agonist therapy, for illustration, involves giving patients medicine that really mimics the drug the patient is addicted to. Whichever intervention option is used, it is of import that the counsellor be competent in their specific country of specialisation.

The qualities and accomplishments of the counsellor that are generic to any guidance relationship must be present in the counsellor working with individuals diagnosed with

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substance maltreatment upsets ( Capuzzi & A ; Gross, 2001 ) . These include the abilities to be direct in oppugning and facing, to self-disclose suitably, to clear up, to be cognizant

of counter transference, and to be cognizant of the effects one s ain beliefs may hold on the guidance relationship. ( Cappuzzi & A ; Gross, 2001 ) . The qualities necessary for the counsellor to possess include empathy, genuineness, heat, and non-judgmental credence ( Caplan, 1997 ) .

The appraisal, diagnosing, and intervention of substance maltreatment upsets requires counsellors to possess non merely general guidance accomplishments and abilities, but besides specialised accomplishments and abilities relative to this population. Knowledge of assessment instruments and techniques that facilitate the devising of a DSM IV ( APA, 1994 ) diagnosing is necessary for the counsellor to pass on with other professionals and do intervention recommendations. The proper usage of supervising will greatly heighten the counsellor s effectivity and comfort when working with clients. Accurate diagnosing at the earliest possible clip in the guidance relationship greatly improves the forecast for the client, no affair what type of intervention is being used.

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Domestic Abuse Counseling

By: Patricia Luna

The country of people abuse is such a wide country. For this ground, the focal point will be narrowed to the country of domestic maltreatment. Harmonizing to Emilio C. Viano & # 8217 ; s book Intimate Violence research shows that force and aggression are frequently used in matrimony and household state of affairss to implement the will of the most powerful single. This is by and large a male over female, or female over kid. ( Viano, p. 4 ) Women in some societies are frequently given the message that they should be submissive, compliant, nurturing, and besides sex objects. This gives ( some ) work forces the message that adult females are objects to be conquered. Womans who prove their intent is to function and delight work forces are rewarded with the expansive award of matrimony. They can so take their low-level topographic point in society. ( Viano, p. 5 )

There are several different ways to near the guidance of persons who have been involved in domestic maltreatment. The guidance could be focused on the maltreater or the batterer. Often the counsellor will be seeing both in twosome & # 8217 ; s guidance. In the instance the maltreatment affects the kid, most research suggests that the kid be seen separately. Sometimes, the kid is seen in household guidance, and besides separately.

Couples reding is a potentially unsafe signifier of guidance. & # 8220 ; The healer must continually reevaluate the potency for danger in the relationship and non conspire with either the adult male & # 8217 ; s, adult female & # 8217 ; s, or twosomes denial and minimisation of this possible. ( Viano, p. 161 ) Ending the relationship should non be a requirement for initial or go oning engagement. Many twosomes turn to reding in hopes of salvaging the relationship. In an interview with a former battered adult female, Rose Goetz, she stated she turned to reding

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in hopes of salvaging the matrimony. She had a strong spiritual belief against divorce, and hence felt she should make everything possible to seek and salvage the relationship. In her instance the counsellor was able to convert her that she did non hold to set up with the maltreatment. Her hubby attended merely three Sessionss, and Rose had to recognize she could non assist him if he would non assist himself. Yet, without instantly giving up on the relationship, she was convinced that without going violent herself she could protect herself and her kids. Along with the aid of her eldest girls Rose would keep her hubby when he became opprobrious. She one time restrained him for 30 proceedingss. Finally the matrimony was dissolved. Rose has been divorced for 20 old ages. With the aid of guidance and a strong spiritual religion, she has now become a much stronger individual. She is remarried and all her kids are grown. She is independent, happy, and good adjusted.

As stated before, kids, particularly those who have been badly traumatized, are encouraged to be seen separately. Robert Hampton states & # 8220 ; Play is a kid & # 8217 ; s most natural signifier of communicating, and a skilled healer can ease an maltreatment kid s symbolic look of feelings and phantasies in a safe manner. & # 8221 ; He besides lists four stages of drama therapy. Phase one involves Establishing trust and understanding the metaphors in the kid s drama. During stage two the kid explores trauma through the procedure of revelation. In Phase three the kid is assisted in developing impulse control and ego regard. The abused kid is aided in developing empathy, which can frequently times be a job. They learn their ain strengths. Phase four is the concluding stage and involves expiration. ( Hampton, p. 322-323 )

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Family therapy can be effectual merely after the force has been brought under control. During this clip the parents should besides be take parting in their ain intervention. ( Viano, p. 170 ) Parents, and kids would both be take parting in their ain therapy. After everyone puts together their ain issues the household can get down work on their relationship as a household. Many times the guidance is non successful, or excessively much harm has been done and the twosomes seek to disassociate. In these cases it would still be good for maltreaters to seek guidance in hopes to forestall future maltreatment in future relationships. Those who have been battered should seek guidance to forestall happening themselves in similar types of relationships in the hereafter. They besides will be covering with issues of low self-esteem and isolation. Children should besides go on to research their feelings in guidance.

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Sexual Abuse Counseling

By: Chris Hyatt

Reding those affected by sexual maltreatment includes people who are vict

imized, those who abuse others, and those who abuse sexual experiences. In this study, the writers have chosen to cover specially with adult females who have been victimized by sexual assault or colza. Several surveies have been conducted which shows the frequence of colza among adult females. Russell ( 1984 ) conducted interviews with 930 adult females and reported that 24 % had experienced a complete colza and 31 % an attempted colza. Many victims study jobs with hapless self-prides, interpersonal battles, depression and sexual disfunctions. One of the most prevailing upsets that develops as a consequence of sexual assault is post-traumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) .

To derive understanding over their experience, colza victims frequently blame themselves and endure from guilt ( Prendergast, 1993 ) . They besides look for ways they can alter their normal behaviour as a agency for future protection. This desire to keep control may look uneven, but it is frequently the agencies by which a victim additions a feeling of wellbeing, comfort, and solace. For illustration the victim may state to herself, I won t travel out on day of the months any longer, or I won t wear a specific type of vesture once more. This will maintain it from go oning once more ( Resick & A ; Schnicke, 1993 ) . Since post-traumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) is a major consequence of colza, it is a major focal point in intervention. Though PTSD is treated in assorted signifiers, Resnick and Schnicke ( 1993 ) province that the healer s overall end must be to promote the client to retrieve the colza, accept that it happened, and come into contact with their emotions sing the event. The end is help the client set up a

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balance in the manner they see themselves and universe, avoiding the pull to see everything in regard to the colza.

Understanding that assorted theories may be introduced to assist colza victims, the writers have chosen to concentrate on one such theory, the Cognitive Processing Theory ( CPT ) , espoused by Resnick and Schnicke ( 1993 ) . They believe that though there are many different types of therapies, CPT combines both the cognitive and exposure-based therapies with stuff particularly tailored for colza victim. This attack is supported by Kilpatrick and Calhoun ( 1988 ) who recommended that it might be far more productive to develop new interventions specifically tailored to the demands of victims than to go on trying to happen effects of bing intervention processs that may be weak at best ( p. 427 ) . In the terminal, CPT was developed to assist victims of colza:

( 1 ) understand how ideas and emotions are interconnected, ( 2 ) accept and incorporate the colza as an even that really occurred and can non be ignored or discarded, ( 3 ) experience to the full the scope of emotions attached to the colza, ( 4 ) analyze and confront maladaptive beliefs, and ( 5 ) research how anterior experiences and beliefs both affected reactions and were affected by this injury ( Resick & A ; Schnicke, p. 19 )

The accomplishments a counsellor must hold to assist colza victims are non merely specific to this type of reding. As promoted by Capuzzi and Gross ( 2001 ) they include good attention accomplishments, such as good oculus contact ; attentive organic structure linguistic communication ; appropriate distance between counsellor and client ; a warm, pleasant, caring voice ; and attending to verbal trailing. They besides include basic hearing and self-attending accomplishments. It is besides really

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of import for ticker for transference and counter transference, both major jeopardies in any counseling state of affairs.

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Food Abuse Counseling

By: Marco Reyes

Food maltreatment or dependence is another country that counsellors need to be knowing about when covering with clients who want to halt their dependence or nutrient maltreatment. There are several types of eating upsets. Let us briefly describe each. Anorexia Nervosa is distinguished by involuntariness to maintain normal organic structure weight for their age and tallness. Anorexics habitually avoiding nutrient because they have an inordinate fright of deriving weight, when in fact they are15 per centum below the normal weight ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) . Anorexics will either fast, exercising to extremes, or self-induce emesis, or maltreatment laxatives ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) . Although anorexia nervosa is non an dependence to nutrient per Se, it is an maltreatment of nutrient and the organic structure.

Persons with binge-eating syndrome nervosa will gorge uncontrollably on big sums of nutrient in a really short period of clip, normally until their tummy is distressingly filled. They will either self-induce emesis, maltreatment laxatives, or fast or exert overly ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) . Bulimics are normally normal to somewhat fleshy and are afraid to derive weight ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) . Some outward marks of binge-eating syndrome may be worn teeth enamel from inordinate emesis ( Mc Gilley & A ; Pryor, 1998 ) . Whereas anorectics tend to be perfectionist, necessitate to be in control, and have impulse-control jobs, bulimics tend to be depressive and have low-self regard and are dying about their organic structure weight ( p.585, DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) .

Binge-Eating Disorder ( BED ) is an dependence to nutrient ( Weir, 2001 ) . BED sick persons will gorge on big sums of nutrient in a short sum of clip ; nevertheless, they do no puke,

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usage laxatives, or fast to counterbalance for gorging ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) . The bulk of people with BED are corpulent or hold had some signifier of fleshy job before ( Bruce & A ; Wilfley, 1996 ; Walsh & A ; Devlin, 1998 ; Agras & A ; Telch, 1998 ; and Kensinger et al. , 1998 ) . A individual with BED can non command their orgy onslaughts that normally occur twice a hebdomad for about six months ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ) . They will normally eat entirely and sometimes when non even hungry, gorging for about an hr or two until their tummy is distended to an uncomfortable degree, holding eaten 1000s of Calories, with personal feels of guilt, shame, and depression afterwards ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ; Anonymous, 1997 ) . There are several presumed causes for of BED such as, depression and anxiousness ( DSM-IV-TR, 2000 ; and Agras & A ; Telch, 1998 ) childhood sexual maltreatment ( Deep, et al. , 1997 ; Everill & A ; Waller, 1994 ; and Wonderlich et al. , 1996 ) , and negative organic structure image ( O Connor, 1998 ) . In my interview with Weir ( 2001 ) , an LPC, who is the contact individual for Food Addicts ( FA ) Anonymous, a support group for over feeders and people with eating upsets, Weir stated that 90 per centum of adult females who are over feeders in FA Anonymous and in her private pattern were sexually abused.

There are several intervention programs for eating upsets like BED. Because orgy feeding is a behaviour, it can be treated with cognitive behavioural alteration ( Lee & A ; Miltenberger, 1997 ) . Cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) seems to be one of the most effectual interventions for BED in for the long-run ( McGilley & A ; Pryor, 1998 ) . CBT is used to put up a regimen of eating 3 nutritionary repasts daily, being cognizant of trigger factors of orgy feeding, and to alter negative irrational beliefs to positive rational 1s ( Bruce & A ; Wilfley, 1996 ; Nauta, et al. , 2000 ; Jansen, 1998 ; and Parrott, 1998 ) . The anti-depressant

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fluvoxamine appears to be effectual in handling BED ( Hudson, et al. , 1998 ; Greeno & A ; Wing, 1996 ) and in handling anorexia and bulima ( Kaye, et al. , 1999 ) . Twelve-step plans that mimic Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) , such as Food Addicts Anonymous, dainty eating upsets as an dependence ( Johnson & A ; Taylor, 1996 ) . Indeed, Weir ( 2001 ) stated nutrient is a physiological dependence ( e.g. to sugar ) . FA anon. uses a life-long regimen program of abstention from flower and sugar, three repasts a twenty-four hours, no bingeing, no caffeine, have a patron, and to go to 2 AA meetings replacing intoxicant in the Big Book for nutrient ( Weir, 2001 ) . Weir claims binge feeders escape or zone-out from feelings of anxiousness, emphasis, hurting, or depression, by gorging. Food is the lone thing the orgy feeder can command, and nutrients ( such as sugars ) are mood changing ( Weir, 2001 ) . Weir a former orgy feeder recounted her backdown from nutrient as several hebdomads of weeping, concerns, choler, apathy, and eventually no more cravings, severally. Weir says that she can non handle a orgy feeder until they have overcome their dependence. Otherwise, they are non-responsive to psychotherapy. Weir ( 2001 ) explained that patrons and the 12-step plan ( that uses personal stock list ) helps maintain the orgy feeder cognizant of backsliding and shift to other dependences, such as shopping or sex. Weir pointed out that most work forces in FA anon. have either hit stone underside medically ( diabetics or are on several medicines ) or are recovered alkies counterbalancing the sugar in nutrient dependence for deficiency of intoxicant ( intoxicant is a signifier of sugar ) . Finally, the recovery rate for all feeding upsets is about 50 per centum ( Herzong, et al. , 1996 ; McGilley & A ; Pryor, 1998 ) . Small information exists on the long-run recovery rate sing effectivity of interventions

conducted.

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Mentions

Agras, Stewart, W. , & A ; Telch, Christy F. ( 1998 ) . The effects of thermal want and negative affect on orgy feeding in corpulent orgy eating broken adult females. Behavior Therapy, 29, 491-503.

American Psychiatric Association. ( 1994 ) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental upsets ( 4th edition. ) . Washington, DC: Writer.

Anonymous. ( 1997 ) . Binge eating upset comes out of the cupboard. Tufts University Diet & A ; Nutrition Letter, 14, 4-5.

Bruce, Bonnie, & A ; Wilfley, Denise. ( 1996 ) . Binge eating among the fleshy population: A serious and prevailing job. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 96, 58- ? .

Caplan, G. ( 1997 ) Support Systems and Community Mental Health. New York: Behavioral Publications.

Cappuzzi, D. , & A ; Gross, D. ( Eds. ) ( 2001 ) . Introduction to the Counseling Profession ( 3rd edition ) . Boston: Allyn & A ; Bacon.

Deep, Amy, L. , Lilenfeld, Lisa, R. , Plotnicov, Katherine, H. , Pollice, Christine, & A ; Kaye, Walter H. ( 1999 ) . Sexual maltreatment in eating upset subtypes and control adult females: the function of comorbid subtance dependance in binge-eating syndrome nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 1-10.

Everill, Joanne, T. , & A ; Waller, Glenn. ( 1995 ) . International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 1-11.