Legal and linguistic aspects of translating english legal terminology

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Legal and lingual facets of translatingenglish legal nomenclature

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& # 1064 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1058 ; . & # 1041 ; . , & # 1072 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1092 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; , & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1048 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1043 ; & # 1059 ;

Active interaction of Russia with states of the universe community raised a broad scope of issues refering international concern activities. Foreign and transnational corporations every bit good as domestic companies are involved in international trades all over the universe. With rapid growing of international concern minutess and, accordingly, international commercial differences, the jobs of legal translating acquired critical importance.

Nowadays the English linguistic communication has become the linguistic communication of pick for carry oning an international concern. In add-on, the English linguistic communication has become outstanding as the operational linguistic communication of many jurisprudence houses and transnational corporations. Therefore, involvement in analyzing English legal nomenclature and legal translating has late grown up. In this context, the article reviews general distinctive features of legal footings and focal points on lingual and legal facets of interpreting English legal nomenclature.

While researching legal nomenclature we have to find the unit of this terminological system. In this article we define a term as a word or a word combination belonging to the specific field of use, either specially created or borrowed for finding a specific construct and based on a definition. In that manner, “ a legal term is a word or a word combination which stands for a general name of a legal construct, has a particular and definite significance, and is frequently used in statute law and legal paperss ” [ 6 ; 7, p. 64 ] .

Contemporary linguistic communication of jurisprudence makes several demands associating to legal footings that should be taken into consideration in the procedure of interpreting. The legal term should run into the following of import demands:

a ) satisfy the regulations and norms of a corresponding linguistic communication,

B ) be systematic,

degree Celsius ) correspond to a certain definition oriented to a certain construct,

vitamin D ) be comparatively independent of the context,

vitamin E ) be precise,

degree Fahrenheit ) be every bit concise as possible,

g ) purpose at one-to-one correspondence ( within the certain terminological system ) ,

H ) be expressively impersonal,

I ) be euphonical.

The linguistic communication of jurisprudence as a particular sublanguage has its ain content and a set of specific features which vary depending on a linguistic communication system. However, irrespective of a linguistic communication, the major portion of its typical characteristics and distinctive features are explained by the influence of historical, cultural, societal and political factors on the linguistic communication community.

The English legal linguistic communication is characterized by a specific set of footings. First of wholly, it comprises legion Latin words and phrases ( ex. lex venue actus, res gestae, principal delicti, lex domicilii, etc. ) . It besides has words of the Old and Middle English beginning, including compounds which are no longer in common use ( aforementioned, hereinabove, afterlife, whereby, etc. ) . Besides, the English legal linguistic communication includes a big sum of words derived from French ( entreaty, complainant, civil wrong, lien, estoppel, finding of fact etc. ) . The linguistic communication of jurisprudence besides uses formal and ceremonial words ( I do solemnly curse, Your Honour, May it please the tribunal… ) and proficient footings with precise significances ( suspect, carelessness, bail etc ) . Therefore, the present content of the English linguistic communication of jurisprudence is due to the influence of different linguistic communications and that has a historical account [ 2, p. 386 ; 3 ; 5, p.187 ] . Sing Russian legal nomenclature, we should maintain in head that it comprises fewer adoptions and compounds than the English 1. A considerable portion of legal footings is of a national beginning including Old Russian ( for illustration, & # 1080 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1094 ; , & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; , & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; ) . This may be explained by the history of Russia and its legal system development every bit good. At the same clip, modern-day Russian legal linguistic communication has been enriched by the new jurisprudence footings derived from English ( & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1075 ; – leasing, & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1081 ; – antitrust, & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; – corporate, & # 1092 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1075 ; – factorization etc. ) [ 1 ; 3 ; 4 ] . Thus, English and Russian legal linguistic communications are characterized by their ain particular characteristics which are explained by the historical, political, societal and cultural influences.

Covering with the linguistic communication of jurisprudence implies two signifiers of reassigning from one linguistic communication to another & # 8211 ; legal interpretation and legal translating.

Legal interpretation is meant for people who come before the tribunals ( litigators, suspects, informants etc. ) and who can non pass on efficaciously in the linguistic communication of legal processs. Harmonizing to the jurisprudence, persons who do non pass on in the linguistic communication of legal proceedings have a right to talk their native linguistic communication in tribunal and utilize the interpretation services. Similar ordinances are provided by the new Russian statute law – Arbitration Procedure Code ( 2002 ) , the Civil Procedure Code ( 2002 ) and the Criminal Procedure Code ( 2001 ) . The translator ‘s end is to construe from one linguistic communication to another everything what is said in tribunal, continuing the tone and degree of the original linguistic communication, adding and canceling nil. The legal reading should be equal, complete and right. Legal interpreting foremost of all implies interpreting legal certification ( Torahs, Acts of the Apostless, judicial determinations, legal regulations, contracts, understandings, administrative documents and other law-related certification ) . This sort of translating has been late predominating in the procedure of international dealingss development.

Faced with a legal text to interpret, a legal transcriber must cover with the double challenge of linguistic communication and jurisprudence, which he or she must reproduce every bit right as possible in the mark linguistic communication. This complex process of reassigning from one linguistic communication to another involves a figure of hazards built-in in linguistic communication. That is why it is instead hard to reassign the

full message of the beginning text from one linguistic communication to another. Legal interlingual rendition requires reproducing both signifier and content of the legal text. The latter besides implies reassigning text from one legal system to another. Therefore, legal translating is capable to assorted troubles of reassigning a significance of a legal term and a transcriber must endeavor for a functional equality.

As it was mentioned earlier, any sort of interlingual rendition has to run into the chief demands of adequateness, truth and completeness. While truth and completeness are chiefly aimed at the signifier of the legal text, adequateness is referred to its content. Adequacy of the legal interlingual rendition is largely achieved by following the chief regulations of legal nomenclature in the mark linguistic communication. Translating implies reassigning the significance of the original, but non merely the words. While interpreting it is of import to cognize the legal nomenclature in both linguistic communications. The permutation of a legal term of the beginning text by its equivalent word ( a word of common use ) in the mark linguistic communication may ensue in misunderstanding in footings of jurisprudence. The deformation of a significance of a jurisprudence term may act upon upon legal effects.

For illustration, the legal phrase “ the party domiciled abroad ” is non equal to its Russian interlingual rendition & # 171 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 187 ; or & # 171 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; , & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1102 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 187 ; . The right manner to show the same significance in Russian legal nomenclature will be & # 171 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; , & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 187 ; . It should be noted that a legal residence as a legal term means “ a topographic point of lasting life ” ( if an person is implied ) or “ a place of a corporation /a principle topographic point of concern ” ( if juridical individual is implied ) , while the general significance of this word is “ a topographic point where person lives ” [ 1 ; 3 ; 4 ] . Besides, as the legal term party ( & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ) implies either an single individual or juridical person/entity involved in a legal understanding or difference, the 2nd manner of wrong interlingual rendition mentioned above relates merely to an single individual and hence, is unequal to the legal term used in the beginning text. Inadequate interlingual rendition evidently may act upon on the nonsubjective rating of juristic facts.

Therefore, it should be taken into consideration that a legal transcriber or translator is apt for the rightness, completeness and adequateness of his legal translating. “ The transcriber must look before the tribunal and translate wholly, right and in proper clip ” ( the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, 2002: article 57 clause 4 ) . On the one manus, the procedural codifications mentioned above provide condemnable liability for a knowingly false interlingual rendition ( the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, 2002: article 57 clause 6 ; the Criminal process codification of the Russian Federation, 2001: article 59 clause 5 ) . On the other manus, translators are worlds and doing a error is possible. When an translator accidentally makes a error, he or she is obligated to rectify it instantly, and is expected to make the same in instance of written legal translating. The Russian jurisprudence provides a right of a tribunal translator to inquire inquiries in order to clear up the interlingual rendition. Indeed, unprofessional ( in its legal sense ) interlingual rendition may do unfairnesss. Rarely, but some instances have successfully been appealed because of translator issues.

Therefore, it is obvious that the major drawback of traditional linguistic communication preparation and papers interlingual rendition services presently available is that these organisations have small or no experience and cognition of the jurisprudence. In order to supply the effectual communicating in English about specific legal constructs and thoughts it is important for legal transcribers and translators to hold a profound cognition of the legal nomenclature in both linguistic communications. All mentioned above let us to find the indispensable demands that provide excellence in legal translating ( construing ) in the procedure of international communicating. First, one of the of import demands is a linguistic communication proficiency which implies ample vocabulary, cognition of standard grammar and stylistic constituents of legal linguistic communication. The command of the mark linguistic communication must be tantamount to that of an educated native talker. Second, the high degree of excellence requires up-to-date cognition of the capable stuff and legal nomenclature in both linguistic communications. These are due to the transcriber ‘s competency in legal linguistic communication. Third, apprehension of the processs used in tribunal every bit good as acquaintance with chief legal constructs is necessary. In add-on, a broad general cognition, mental and verbal legerity of an translator contributes to the effectual legal interlingual rendition every bit good.

Taking into consideration the aforesaid, we come to a decision that legal transcribers and translators should run into the indispensable demands mentioned above in order to supply a complete, right and equal interlingual rendition. Deep cognition of legal linguistic communication and proficiency in legal nomenclature of both linguistic communications are the chief factors supplying the effectual intercultural communicating of legal professionals in the procedure of international cooperation.

& # 1057 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1082 ;
& # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1099 ;

1. BBC English Dictionary. & # 8211 ; Harper Collins Publisher, Ltd. London, 1992.

2. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. & # 8211 ; Cambridge, 1992.

3. Duhaime ‘s Law Dictionary:

hypertext transfer protocol: //www.duhaime.org/dictionary

4. English-Russian Law Dictionary/ Andrianov S.N. , Berson A.S. , Nikiforov A.S. & # 8211 ; Russo Press: Moscow, 1998.

5. Ivanova L.I. , Sheberstova T.B. The Peculiarities of the English Legal Term and Their Reflection in Translation //The Problems of Intercultural Communication ( international conference stuffs ) . ISUCT Imperativeness: Ivanovo, 2000.

6. Superanskaya A.V. , Podolskaya N.V. , Vasilieva N.V. General Terminology: Theoretical inquiries. & # 8211 ; Moscow, 1989.

7. The Language of Law /Pigolkin A.S. & # 8211 ; Moscow, 1990.

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