The postwar development of scientific discipline and engineering in Japan is considered to depend chiefly upon debut of advanced scientific discipline and engineering from the United States and Europe. Nevertheless. Japan made attempt to develop its ain scientific discipline and engineering. chiefly in the industrial sector. and other sector. This survey traces Japan’s ain accomplishment in its attempt to develop scientific discipline and engineering and efforts to clear up the characteristics of Japan’s postwar scientific and technological developments. thereby endeavouring to happen a hint to the publicity of advanced research and development in Japan.

Nipponese authorities have played of import function in farther promotion of scientific discipline and engineering. Iwao Matsuda. Nipponese Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy ; Minister of State for Information Technology declared that “the full Nipponese authorities is committed to beef uping scientific discipline and technology” . The scientific discipline and engineering budget has grown faster than any other portion of the budget. despite the terrible financial conditions that constrain authorities enterprises overall.

The latest scientific discipline and engineering program. which covers the five old ages stoping in 2010 and contemplates a budget of ?25 trillion. or some $ 208 billion. is founded on two cardinal rules. Mr. Matsuda observed. First. there must be public support for scientific discipline and engineering ; by the same item. scientific discipline and engineering must be accountable to the populace. and must return benefits to society that are clearly communicated and understood. Second. plans in this country must foster Japan’s human resources. exciting research workers to believe creatively and to boom in competition with one another. In add-on the immense budget besides contribute loosely to the publicity of scientific discipline and engineering. such outgos for the university research. and expenditures for national research institutes. subsidies associating to research and development and outgos for administering grants.

Within the authorities. the organisation of MEXT ( Ministry of Education. Culture. Sports. Science and Technology ) is chiefly responsible for research and development. Based on the Science and Technology Basic Plan formulated at the terminal of March 2001. MEXT promotes comprehensive research and development in order to carry through the highest originative accomplishments worldwide comparings by fostering the virtues of scientific discipline. engineering and scientific research and by seeking harmoniousness and balance between scientific discipline and engineering on the one manus and scientific research on the other.

Through the reorganisation of cardinal authorities ministries implemented on January 06. 2001. the council for scientific discipline and engineering policy was established within the cabinet office. This council discusses comprehensive national steps and other issues refering scientific discipline and engineering. This reorganisation significantly strengthens Japan’s scientific discipline and engineering administrative system. For illustrations. it promotes merger and cooperation between scientific discipline and engineering on the other manus and scientific research on the other manus by incorporating the Science and Technology Agency and The Ministry of Education. Science. Sports. and Culture.

While the Council for Science and Technology Policy makes policies on a comprehensive scheme and allotment of resources refering scientific discipline and engineering of the Nipponese authorities as a whole. MEXT is chiefly responsible for governmental research and the development programs and implements them in each single field based on the above scheme.

Based on the Second Science and Technology Basic Plan approved on March 30. 2001. MEXT plans to advance this first program and foremost in systematic ways. Since Japan aims to set up a state based on the creativeness of scientific discipline and engineering.

Harmonizing to the Science and Technology Basic Law. the Nipponese authorities makes the Science and Technology Basic Plan its cardinal model in order to advance assorted steps for the promotion of scientific discipline and engineering in comprehensive and systematic ways.

The Science and Technology Basic Law was proclaimed and became

effectual in November 1995. Based on the acknowledgment of the of import function that scientific discipline and engineering should play in the development of the economic system and society. in betterment of the public assistance of the state and in the sustainable development of human society. the aim of this jurisprudence is to accomplish a higher criterion of scientific discipline and engineering through the publicity of such policies as the execution of the basic program for comprehensive publicity of scientific discipline and engineering.

The current basic program. formulated in 1996. is the 2nd program following the Basic Plan. The Second Plan encompasses the first five old ages of the 21^stcentury between FY2001 and FY2005. Both the Council for Science and Technology and the Council for Science and Technology Council Policy ( after the reorganisation of cardinal authorities ministries implemented in January 2001 ) discussed the Plan and the Cabinet meeting approved it in March.

The 21^stcentury is “a century of wisdom” . Science and engineering produce new wisdom. support people’s live and economic activities. and do international parts. Based on this apprehension. the Second Science and Technology Basic Plan indicates an ideal images of the way in which Japan should continue in order to recognize this step with accent on the focused and strategic publicity of research and development. and the reform of the scientific discipline and engineering system.

Scientific research constitutes intellectually originative activities carried out chiefly in universities across a broad spectrum of subjects. from humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines to natural scientific disciplines in chase of truth with a wellhead of broad and unfastened thoughts and a desire to larn. The fruits borne of such research possess. as the common rational belongings of world. intrinsic cultural value. and enrich the life of people through their application and materialisation and contribute to societal and economic development. Thus. a national authorities should take the publicity of scientific research.

Global concerns. such as environmental energy and resource jobs. have become more apparent and serious in recent old ages ; there are turning outlooks that scientific research will play a function in deciding these jobs to carve a manner toward the hereafter of human existences. For this intent. it is necessary to advance pioneering and originative scientific researches. including those integrating humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines and natural scientific disciplines. Furthermore. it is of import that through these enterprises Japan will do its presence known to the universe as a beginning of first-class scientific research and civilization.

MEXT has shown the way to be followed for the hereafter of scientific research by bespeaking three ends: “promotion of the world’s highest degrees of research. ” “creation of new scholarship” and “contribution to the society. ” Based on the Science and Technology Basic Plan approved by the Cabinet Meeting in March 2001 and the treatments in the Council for Science and Technology. MEXT has been forcing in front comprehensive scientific discipline publicity steps under the basic policies that include: ( 1 ) regard for the independency of research workers ; ( 2 ) development across a broad spectrum of subjects. from the humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines to natural scientific disciplines ; and ( 3 ) publicity of instruction and research in more incorporate ways. Specifically. steps taken by MEXT include:

( 1 ) Addition in Grants-in-Aid for scientific research: MEXT tries to increase the sum of the grants-in-aid for scientific research with the purpose of easing the important development of scientific research based on broad and unfastened thoughts.

( 2 ) Fostering and securing of immature research workers: MEXT seeks to further and procure immature research workers through assorted support steps such as the Fellowship Program implemented by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

( 3 ) Improvement of research organisations: MEXT seeks to better research organisations. including university modules and alumnus schools. research institutes attached to universities and Inter University Research Institutes.

( 4 ) Improvement of research substructure: MEXT seeks to implement more advanced high-speed webs and more improved and expanded database in universities.

( 5 ) Emphasis on the world’s highest degrees of research: MEXT puts accent on basic research in the field of astronomical research. neutrino research. gas pedal scientific discipline. infinite scientific discipline. merger research. information sciences. planetary environmental research. South-polar research. life scientific disciplines and country surveies.

( 6 ) Promotion of partnerships between industry academe and the public sector: MEXT is doing attempts to develop a system that promotes joint research between universities and industry every bit good as commissioned research from private corporations. and operates centres for concerted research.

( 7 ) Promotion of international scientific cooperation and exchanges MEXT actively promotes researcher exchanges through the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ( JSPS ) .

Japan leads the universe in many engineerings and research Fieldss. Many Nipponese scientists and applied scientists are embarking out of into unknown district in hopes of lending to the enrichment of society. And in the class of their work. these innovators kindle people’s involvement in the ocean. outer infinite and the hereafter.

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center ( JAMSTEC ) is the centre of excellence for oceanographic research in Japan. The centre carries out a broad scope of research. non merely at the deep sea underside. but besides into engineering for oceanographic observation and commercial development of the oceans. JAMSTEC operates two submergible study vass that have made the halfway universe celebrated for its deep-sea engineering: the manned Shinki 6500. which can transport out oceanographic informations aggregation work at any depth down to 6500 metre and the remote-controlled Kaimo. Launched in 1989 the Shinkai 6500 succeeded in plunging down to 6527 metres in August of the same twelvemonth. In March 1995 Kaiko carried out trial honkytonks in the Marian Trench at 10. 911. 4 metres. The assorted informations that Kaiko collected during the probing was valuable.

The superconducting magnetically levitated ( Maglev ) vehicle. run by abhorrent and attractive forces of superconducting magnets. has no wheels or contact with the path and can therefore go at more than 500 kilometers per hour ( 311 miles per hour ) . Research and development of the Maglev started in 1962. two old ages before the Tokaido Shinkansen Line was opened in 1964. and has been led by the national authorities. After the Japan National Railways was privatized and divided into six regional companies in 1987. the Railway Technical Research Institute took over the undertaking. In 1977. running trials started at the 7-kilometer ( 4. 3-mile ) test path in Miyazaki Prefecture. and building of the larger. 42. 8-kilometer ( 26. 6-mile ) test line in Yamanashi was completed in 1996. Following many successful trial tallies. a manned trial tally at the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line finally cracked the 500-kph barrier on November 28. 1997. and a top velocity of 531 kilometers per hours ( 330 miles per hour ) was reached on December 12. The concluding mark. 550 kilometers per hour ( 342 miles per hour ) . was attained in an remote-controlled trial tally on December 24. 1997.

Keihanna Science City will be developed into a 154-square kilometre ( 59. 5-square stat mi ) site that includes parts of the three prefectures of Kyoto. Osaka. and Nara. a new theoretical account metropolis will be constructed that contains installations for advanced academic research. information centres. international exchange. and development of cutting-edge engineering. The country is called “Keihanna” territory by uniting the Nipponese rendition of the names of the three prefectures. Actual development work has been underway since 1986. While in Tsukuba Science City most of the installations are national organisations for research in the Fieldss of natural scientific discipline. in Keihanna Science City the private sector will lend in many ways and research Fieldss will include non merely natural scientific disciplines. but besides societal scientific disciplines and humanistic disciplines. The installations in Keihanna Science City are distributed in 12 research territories. which are connected by computing machine webs in order to ease coaction among institutes in the City. Examples of research installations for advanced scientific discipline and engineering are the national Nara Institute of Science and Technology founded in 1991. the Advanced Telecommunication Research Institute International ( ATR ) founded in 1989. and the Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth ( RITE ) founded in 1990.

Located in the sou’-east border of Tanegashima of Osumi Islands. which is about 35 kilometres ( 22 stat mis ) from the southern tip of Kyushu. Tanegashima Space Center is one of the field centres of the National Space Development Agency of Japan ( NASDA ) . the country’s taking organisation in the field of infinite development. The Center was built in 1966 as an experimental installation for establishing little projectiles. Since it launched the first Nipponese technology trial orbiter “Kiku” in 1975. many meteoric orbiters and communications orbiters have been sent into infinite from Tanegashima. Tanegashima Space Center is in charge of the series of operations from pre-launch readyings and countdowns to post-launch trailing. and therefore performs an indispensable function in the launching of projectiles and orbiters in Japan.

On December 20th. 1996 Honda unveiled the consequences of its research on an independent android walking automaton. The automaton is named P2. stands 180 centimetres tall ( about 5 pess 11 inches ) . and weighs 210 kgs ( about 460 lbs ) . P2 was able to command its position and continue walking even over uneven surfaces and stepss. without falling even when a subjected to sudden external force.

P2 did non walk in a robot-like manner. but about like worlds. Honda made this engineering into a world by analysing the rules of human walking. Besides. like worlds. P2 had two custodies and could even execute undertakings utilizing a screwdriver.

On June 1. 1999 Sony began marketing its AIBO amusement automaton. Selling the automatons via the Internet merely. Sony sold 5. 000 units worldwide. and they were so popular that the 3. 000 earmarked for Japan sold out in merely 20 proceedingss. AIBO is non for work. it is a automaton designed to be a pet. AIBO is 27. 4 centimetres long ( about 11 inches ) and weighs about 1. 6 kgs ( 3. 5 lbs ) . It is precisely like a small puppy-it has eyes. ears. and a tail and walks on four legs. It chiefly moves around on its ain. although it can besides be operated by distant control. AIBO non merely looks like a puppy. it besides walks on four legs by itself. dramas with a ball. responds to a whistling. gets huffy when it is hit on the caput. barks. and puts out its paw when a individual sticks out a manus. This is possible thanks to the high-speed. workstation-class computing machine built into its organic structure. which has been programmed to retrieve over 50 different types of behaviour based on surveies of Canis familiaris and cat behaviour. AIBO behaves in conformity with the “instincts” programmed into its package. expresses “emotions” harmonizing to the grade of satisfaction of these inherent aptitudes and in response to external stimulation picked up through its camera and mike. and “learns” through the accretion of these experiences. It “grows up” merely like an ordinary puppy.

Harmonizing to Matsuda. Japan is one of the industrial states of the universe. and it was scientific discipline and engineering contributed and brought Japan to the highest extremum of development. The interactive promotion of Science and engineering is an of import issue refering future good being of keeping a strong economic footing in the universe market today. It is of import for the Nipponese to keep proficient border and economic influence over the remainder of the universe by cultivating new scientific countries and taking up leading function of the scientific community in the universe. while at the same clip directing out its achievements to the universe in order to lend to the solution of common human jobs. It is precisely for that ground all the Nipponese authorities. academe and industrial sectors are working together to progress the apprehension of scientific cognition.

On specific manners. engineering upheavals and improved the Nipponese criterion of life. Technology solves assorted jobs which help people to hold better life status. Nipponese used engineering to better their ability to make work. pass on better. allows them to do more and better merchandises. and even go in any sorts of transit in more comfort and velocity.

No admiration why Japan continuously aims to be a state based on creativeness in scientific discipline and engineering. To excite public involvement and peculiarly the involvement of immature people in scientific discipline and engineering. to advance understanding and surrogate talented research workers and applied scientists. MEXT is working to develop the undermentioned undertakings.

Mentions:

Matsuda. Iwao. SOLD OUT Innovator Japan – Japan New Science And Technology Strategy. May 05. 2006. Retrieved November 22. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Tokyo. afoster. af. mil/OldReports/9438. hypertext markup language

Nagahama. Hajime. Study on Development Japan’s Science and Technology in the Light of Commendation Institutions. 2006. Retrieved November 21. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwww. instep. travel. jp/achiev/abs/eng/rep010e/rep010ae. hypertext markup language

Yakura. Joe S. Basic Science Efforts in Japan – Science and Technology Agency’s Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology ( ERATO ) Program. December 14. 1994. Retrieved November 22. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: // japansociety. org/corp [ orate/event_corp_note. cfm? id_note =386019922

MEXT ( Ministry of Education. Culture. Sports. Science and Technology ) Home Page. 2006. Science and Technology. Retrieved November 22. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mext. travel. jp/englis/org/f_science. htm

Science Atlas Home Page. 2006. Japan Atlas- Advanced Technology. Retrieved November 22. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //web-japan. org/atlas/

ITV Japan. 2002. Japan Technology Report. Retrieved November 22. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. itvjapan. com/high_tech. asp? Id=15

Japan Directory. 2006. Science and Technology. Retrieved November 23. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jref. com/dir/Science_ & A ; _Technology/Technology/index. shtml