The Comparative Analysis Of The History Of The Computer Science And The Computer Engineering In The USA And Ukraine.
HOWARD H. AIKEN AND THE COMPUTER
Howard Aiken ‘s parts to the development of the computing machine -notably the Harvard Mark I ( IBM ASSC ) machine, and its replacement the Mark II – are frequently excluded from the mainstream history of computing machines on two trifles. The first is that Mark I and Mark II were electro-mechanical instead than electronic ; the 2nd 1 is that Aiken was ne’er convinced that computing machine plans should be treated as informations in what has come to be known as the von Neumann construct, or the stored plan. It is non proposed to discourse here the beginnings and significance of the stored plan. Nor I wish to cover with the related job of whether the machines before the stored plan were or were non & # 8220 ; computing machines & # 8221 ; . This topic is complicated by the confusion in existent names given to machines. For illustration, the ENIAC, which did non integrate a stored plan, was officially named a computing machine: Electronic Numeral Integrator And Computer. But the first stored-program machine to be put into regular operation was Maurice Wiles ‘ EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator. It seems to be instead mindless to deny many genuinely important inventions ( by H.H.Aiken and by Eckert and Mauchly ) , which played an of import function in the history of computing machines, on the arbitrary land that they did non integrate the stored-program construct. Additionally, in the instance of Aiken, it is important that there is a current computing machine engineering that does non integrate the stored plans and that is designated as ( at least by TEXAS INSTRUMENTS & # 226 ;
) as & # 8220 ; Harvard architecture & # 8221 ; , though, it should more decently be called & # 8220 ; Aiken architecture & # 8221 ; . In this engineering the plan is fix and non capable to any change save by purpose – as in some computing machines used for telephone shift and in ROM.Operation
OF
THE ENIAC.
Aiken was a airy, a adult male in front of his times. Grace Hopper and others retrieve his anticipation in the late fortiess, even before the vacuity tubing had been entirely replaced by the transistor, that the clip would come when a machine even more powerful than the elephantine machines of those yearss could be fitted into a infinite every bit little as a shoe box. Some hebdomads before his decease Aiken had made another anticipation. He pointed out that hardware considerations entirely did non give a true image of computing machine costs. As hardware has become cheaper, package has been apt to acquire more expensive. And so he gave us his concluding anticipation: & # 8220 ; The clip will come & # 8221 ; , he said, & # 8220 ; when makers will gave away hardware in order to sell package & # 8221 ; . Time entirely will state whether or non this was his concluding expression in front into the hereafter.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS IN THE USA
In the early sixtiess, when computing machines were looming mainframes that took up full suites, applied scientists were already dallying with the so – excessive impression of constructing a computing machine intended for the exclusive usage of one individual. by the early 1970s, researches at Xerox ‘s Polo Alto Research Center ( Xerox PARC ) had realized that the gait of betterment in the engineering of semiconducting materials – the french friess of Si that are the edifice blocks of contemporary electronics – meant that Oklahoman or subsequently the Personal computer would be excessive no longer. They foresaw that calculating power would someday be so inexpensive that applied scientists would be able to afford to give a great trade of it merely to doing non-technical people more comfy with these new information – handling tools. in their labs, they developed or refined much of what constitutes Personal computers today, from & # 8220 ; mouse & # 8221 ; indicating devices to package & # 8220 ; windows & # 8221 ; . Although the work at Xerox PARC was important, it was non the flicker that took Personal computers out of the custodies of experts and into the popular imaginativeness. That happened unpropitiously in January 1975, when the magazine Popular Electronicss
set a new kit for hobbyists, called the Altair, on its screen. for the first clip, anybody with $ 400 and a bonding Fe could purchase and piece his ain computing machine. The Altair inspired Steve Wosniak and Steve Jobs to construct the first Apple computing machine, and a immature college dropout named Bill Gates to compose package for it. Meanwhile. the individual who deserves the recognition for contriving the Altair, an applied scientist named Ed Roberts, left the industry he had spawned to travel to medical school. Now he is a physician in little town in cardinal Georgia. To this twenty-four hours, research workers at Xerox and elsewhere pooh-pooh the Altair as excessively crude to hold made usage of the engineering they felt was needed to convey Personal computers to the multitudes. In a sense, they are right. The Altair incorporated one of the first single-chip microprocessor – a semiconducting material bit, that contained all the basic circuits needed to make computations – called the Intel 8080. Although the 8080 was advanced for its clip, it was far excessively slow to back up the mouse, Windowss, and luxuriant package Xerox had developed. Indeed, it was n’t until 1984, when Apple Computer ‘s Macintosh explosion onto the scene, that Personal computers were powerful plenty to carry through the original vision of research workers. & # 8220 ; The sort of calculating that people are seeking to make today is merely what we made at PARC in the early 1970s, & # 8221 ; says Alan Kay, a former Xerox research worker who jumped to Apple in the early 1980s.
MACINTOSH PERFORMA 6200/6300 Research workers today are continuing in the same spirit that motivated Kay and his Xerox PARC co-workers in the seventiess: to do information more accessible to ordinary people. But a expression into today ‘s research labs reveals really small that resembles what we think of now as a Personal computer. For one thing, research workers seem eager to abandon the keyboard and proctor that are the Personal computer ‘s hallmarks. Alternatively they are seeking to invent Personal computers with interpretative powers that are more anthropomorphic – Personal computers that can hear you and see you, can state when you ‘re in a bad temper and cognize to inquire inquiries when they do n’t understand something. It is impossible to foretell the innovation that, like the Altair, crystallise new attacks in a manner that captures people ‘s imaginativeness.
Top 20 computing machine systems
From soldering chainss to SparcStations, from MITS to Macintosh, personal computing machines have evolved from do-it-yourself kits for electronic hobbyists into machines that practically leap out of the box and set themselves up. What enabled them to acquire from at that place to here? Innovation and finding. Here are top 20 systems that made that rapid development possible.MITS Altair 8800
There one time was a clip when you could purchase a top-of-the-line computing machine for $ 395. The lone gimmick was that you had to construct it yourself. Although the Altair 8800 was n’t really the first personal computing machine ( Scelbi Computer Consulting`s 8008-based Scelbi-8H kit likely took that award in 1973 ) , it grabbed attending. MITS sold 2000 of them in 1975 – more than any individual computing machine before it. Based on Intel`s 8-bit 8080 processor, the Altair 8800 kit included 256 bytes of memory ( upgradable, of class ) and a toggle-switch-and-LED front panel. For comfortss such as keyboard, picture terminuss, and storage devices, you had to travel to one of the companies that sprang up to back up the Altair with enlargement cards. In 1975, MITS offered 4- and 8-KB Altair versions of BASIC, the first merchandise developed by Bill Gates` and Paul Allen`s new company, Microsoft. If the personal computing machine hobbyists motion was simmering, 1975 saw it come to a furuncle with the debut of the Altair 8800.Apple
Two
Those of you who think of the IBM Personal computer as the quintessential concern computing machines may be in for a surprise: The Apple II ( together with VisiCalc ) was what truly made people to look at personal computing machines as concern tools, non merely dally. The Apple II debuted at the first West Coast Computer Fair in San Francisco in 1977. With constitutional keyboard, artworks display, eight readily accessible enlargement slots, and BASIC built-into ROM, the Apple II was really easy to utilize. Some of its inventions, like constitutional high-resolution colour artworks and a high-ranking linguistic communication with artworks bids, are still extraordinary characteristics in desk top machines. With a 6502 CPU, 16 KB of RAM, a 16-KB ROM, a cassette interface that ne’er truly worked good ( most Apple It ended up with the floppy thrust the was announced in 1978 ) , and colour artworks, the Apple II sold for $ 1298.Commondore PET
Besides introduced at the first West Coast Computer Fair, Commondore`s PET ( Personal Electronic Transactor ) started a long line of expensive personal computing machines that brought computing machines to the multitudes. ( The VIC-20 that followed was the first computing machine to sell 1 million units, and the Commondore 64 after that was the first to offer a humongous 64 KB of memory. ) The keyboard and little monochrome show both fit in the same one-piece unit. Like the Apple II, the PET ran on MOS Technology ‘s 6502. Its $ 795 monetary value, key to the Pet ‘s popularity supplied merely 4 KB of RAM but included a constitutional cassette tape thrust for informations storage and 8-KB version of Microsoft BASIC in its 14-KB ROM.Radio Shack TRS-80
Remember the Trash 80? Sold at local Radio Shack shops in your pick of colour ( Mercedes Silver ) , the TRS-80 was the first ready-to-go computing machine to utilize Zilog`s Z80 processor. The base unit was basically a thick keyboard with 4 KB of RAM and 4 KB of ROM ( which included BASIC ) . An optional enlargement box that connected by thread overseas telegram allowed for memory enlargement. A Pink Pearl eraser was standard equipment to maintain those threads overseas telegram connexions clean. Much of the first package for this system was distributed on audiocassettes played in from Radio Shack cassette recording equipments.Osborne 1 Portable
By the terminal of the 1970s, garage start-ups were base on balls. Fortunately there were other entrepreneurial possibilities. Take Adam Osborne, for illustration. He sold Osborne Books to McGraw-Hill and started Osborne Computer. Its first merchandise, the 24-pound Osborne 1 Portable, boasted a low monetary value of $ 1795. More of import, Osborne established the pattern of roll uping package – in spades. The Osborne 1 came with about $ 1500 worth of plans: WordStar, SuperCalc, BASIC, and a batch of CP/M utilities. Business was looking good until Osborne preannounced its following version while sitting on a warehouse full of Osborne 1S. Oops. Reorganization under Chapter 11 followed shortly thenceforth.Xerox Star
This is the system that launched a 1000 inventions in 1981. The work of some of the best people at Xerox PARC ( Palo Alto Research Center ) went into it. Several of these – the mouse and a desktop GUI with icons – showed up two old ages subsequently in Apple`s Lisa and Macintosh computing machines. The Star was n’t what you would name a commercial success, nevertheless. The chief job seemed to be how much it cost. It would be nice to believe that person shifted a denary point someplace: The pricing started at $ 50,000.IBM Personal computer
Irony of sarcasms that person at mainframe-centric IBM recognized the concern potency in personal computing machines. The consequence was in 1981 landmark proclamation of the IBM PC. Thanks to an unfastened architecture, IBM ‘s clout, and Lotus 1-2-3 ( announced one twelvemonth subsequently ) , the Personal computer and its offspring made concern micros legitimate and transformed the personal computing machine universe. The Personal computer used Intel`s 16-bit 8088, and for $ 3000, it came with 64 KB of RAM and a 51
/4
-inch floppy thrust. The pressman arranger and monochromatic proctor were extras, as was the colour artworks arranger.Compaq Portable
Compaq ‘s Portable about single-handedly created the Personal computer ringer market. Although that was about all you could make with it single-handedly – it weighed a ton. Columbia Data Products merely preceded Compaq that twelvemonth with the first true IBM Personal computer ringer but did n’t last. It was Compaq ‘s rapidly gained repute for technology and quality, and its basically 100 per centum IBM compatibility ( reverse-engineering, of class ) , that legitimized the ringer market. But was it truly designed on a serviette?Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100
Old ages before PC-compatible subnotebook computing machines, Radio Shack came out with a book-size portable with a combination of characteristics, battery life, weight, and monetary value that is still unbeatable. ( Of class, the Z80-based Model 100 did n’t hold to run Windows. ) The $ 800 Model 100 had merely an 8-row by 40-column brooding LCD ( big at the clip ) but supplied ROM-based applications ( including text editor, communications plan, and BASIC translator ) , a constitutional modem, I/O ports, nonvolatilizable RAM, and a great keyboard. Wieghing under 4 lbs, and with a battery life measured in hebdomads ( on four AA batteries ) , the Model 100 rapidly became the first popular laptop, particularly among journalists. With its battery-backed RAM, the Model 100 was ever in standby manner, ready to take notes, compose a study, or travel online. NEC`s Personal computer 8201 was basically the same Kyocera-manufectured system.Apple Macintosh
Whether you saw it as a seductive invitation to personal computer science or a cop-out to chickens who were afraid of a bid line, Apple`s Macintosh and its GUI generated even more excitement than the IBM Personal computer. Apple`s R & A ; D people were inspired by critical thoughts from Xerox PARK ( and practiced on Apple`s Lisa ) but added many of their ain thoughts to make a polished merchandise that changed the manner people use computing machines. The original Macintosh used Motorola ‘s 16-bit 68000 microprocessor. At $ 2495, the system offered a built-in-high-resolution monochrome show, the Mac OS, and a single-button mouse. With merely 128 KB of RAM, the Mac was underpowered at first. But Apple included some key applications that made the Macintosh instantly utile. ( It was MacPaint that eventually showed people what a mouse is good for. )IBM AT
George Orwell did n’t anticipate the AT in 1984. Maybe it was because Big Blue, non Big Brother, was playing its cards near to its thorax. The IBM AT set new criterions for public presentation and storage capacity. Intel`s blazingly fast 286 CPU running at 6 MHz and 16-bit coach construction gave the AT several times the public presentation of old IBM systems. Hard thrust capacity doubled from 10 MB to 20 MB ( 41 MB if you installed two thrusts – merely donut ask how they did the math ) , and the cost per M dropped dramatically. New 16-bit enlargement slots meant new ( and faster ) enlargement cards but maintained downward compatibility with old 8-bit cards. These hardware alterations and new high-density 1.2-MB floppy thrusts meant a new version of PC-DOS ( the dreaded 3.0 ) . The monetary value for an AT with 512 KB of RAM, a serial/parallel arranger, a high-density floppy thrust, and a 20-MB difficult thrust was good over $ 5000 – but much less than what the initiates expected.Commondore Amiga 1000
The Amiga introduced the universe to multimedia. Although it cost merely $ 1200, the 68000-based Amiga 1000 did artworks, sound, and video good plenty that many broadcast professionals adopted it for particular effects. Its sophisticated multimedia hardware design was complex for a personal computing machine, as was its multitasking, windowing OS.Compaq Deskrpo 386
While IBM was busy developing ( would & # 8220 ; wastin
g clip on” be a better phrase? ) proprietary Micro Channel PS/2 system, ringer sellers ALR and Compaq wrestled away control of the x86 architecture and introduced the first 386-based systems, the Access 386 and Deskpro 386. Both systems maintained backward compatibility with the 286-based AT. Compaq ‘s Deskpro 386 had a farther public presentation invention in its Flex coach architecture. Compaq split the x86 external coach into two separate coachs: a high-velocity local coach to back up memory french friess fast plenty for the 16-MHz 386, and a slower I/O coach that supported bing enlargement cards.Apple Macintosh II
When you foremost looked at the Macintosh II, you may hold said, & # 8220 ; But it looks merely like a Personal computer. & # 8221 ; You would hold been right. Apple decided it was wiser to give users a instance they could open so they could upgrade it themselves. The proctor in its 68020-powered machine was a separate unit that typically sat on top of the CPU instance. When you foremost looked at the Macintosh II, you may hold said, “But it looks merely like a Personal computer. ”You would hold been right. Apple decided it was wiser to give users a instance they could open so they could upgrade it themselves. The proctor in its 68020-powered machine was a separate unit that typically sat on top of the CPU instance.Following Nextstation
UNIX had ne’er been easy to utilize, and merely now, 10 old ages subsequently, are we acquiring back to that degree. Unfortunately, Steve Job ‘s regular hexahedron ne’er developed the package base it needed for long-run endurance. However, it survived as an inspiration for future workstations. Priced at less than $ 10,000, the elegant Nextstation came with a 25-MHz 68030 CPU, a 68882 FPU, 8 MB of RAM, and the first commercial magneto-optical thrust ( 256-MB capacity ) . It besides had a constitutional DSP ( digital signal processor ) . The programming linguistic communication was object-oriented C, and the OS was a version of UNIX, sugarcoated with a consistent GUI that rivaled Apple`s. UNIX had ne’er been easy to utilize, and merely now, 10 old ages subsequently, are we acquiring back to that degree. Unfortunately, Steve Job ‘s regular hexahedron ne’er developed the package base it needed for long-run endurance. However, it survived as an inspiration for future workstations. Priced at less than $ 10,000, the elegant Nextstation came with a 25-MHz 68030 CPU, a 68882 FPU, 8 MB of RAM, and the first commercial magneto-optical thrust ( 256-MB capacity ) . It besides had a constitutional DSP ( digital signal processor ) . The programming linguistic communication was object-oriented C, and the OS was a version of UNIX, sugarcoated with a consistent GUI that rivaled Apple`s.NEC UltraLite
Necks UltraLite is the portable that put subnotebook Necks UltraLite is the portable that put subnotebook
into the vocabulary. Like Radio Shack ‘s TRS-80 Model 100, the UltraLite was a 4-pounder in front of its clip. Unlike the Model 100, it was expensive ( starting monetary value, $ 2999 ) , but it could run MS-DOS. ( The load of running Windows was n’t yet thrust upon its shoulders. ) Fans liked the 4.4-pound UltraLite for its spare size and portability, but it truly needed one of today ‘s bantam difficult thrusts. It used battery-backed DRAM ( 1 MB, expandible to 2 MB ) for storage, with ROM-based Traveling Software ‘s LapLink to travel stored informations to a desk top Personal computer. Boding PCMCIA, the UltraLite had a socket that accepted credit-card-size ROM cards keeping popular applications like WordPerfect or Lotus 1-2-3, or a battery-backed 256-KB RAM card. into the vocabulary. Like Radio Shack ‘s TRS-80 Model 100, the UltraLite was a 4-pounder in front of its clip. Unlike the Model 100, it was expensive ( starting monetary value, $ 2999 ) , but it could run MS-DOS. ( The load of running Windows was n’t yet thrust upon its shoulders. ) Fans liked the 4.4-pound UltraLite for its spare size and portability, but it truly needed one of today ‘s bantam difficult thrusts. It used battery-backed DRAM ( 1 MB, expandible to 2 MB ) for storage, with ROM-based Traveling Software ‘s LapLink to travel stored informations to a desk top Personal computer. Boding PCMCIA, the UltraLite had a socket that accepted credit-card-size ROM cards keeping popular applications like WordPerfect or Lotus 1-2-3, or a battery-backed 256-KB RAM card.Sun SparcStation 1
It was n’t the first RISK workstation, nor even the first Sun system to utilize Sun ‘s new SPARC bit. But the SparcStation 1 set a new criterion for price/performance, churning out 12.5 MIPS at a starting monetary value of merely $ 8995 – about what you might pass for a to the full configured Macintosh. Sun sold tonss of systems and made the words SparcStation It was n’t the first RISK workstation, nor even the first Sun system to utilize Sun ‘s new SPARC bit. But the SparcStation 1 set a new criterion for price/performance, churning out 12.5 MIPS at a starting monetary value of merely $ 8995 – about what you might pass for a to the full configured Macintosh. Sun sold tonss of systems and made the words SparcStation
and workstation and workstation
synonymous in many peoples heads. The SparcStation 1 besides introduced S-Bus, Sun ‘s proprietary 32-bit synchronal coach, which ran at the same 20-MHz velocity as the CPU. synonymous in many peoples heads. The SparcStation 1 besides introduced S-Bus, Sun ‘s proprietary 32-bit synchronal coach, which ran at the same 20-MHz velocity as the CPU.IBM RS/6000
Sometimes, when IBM decides to make something, it does it right. ( Other times… Well, retrieve the Personal computer jr. ? ) The RS/6000 allowed IBM to come in the workstation market. The RS/6000`s RISK processor bit set ( RIOS ) racked up velocity records and introduced many to term suprscalar Sometimes, when IBM decides to make something, it does it right. ( Other times… Well, retrieve the Personal computer jr. ? ) The RS/6000 allowed IBM to come in the workstation market. The RS/6000`s RISK processor bit set ( RIOS ) racked up velocity records and introduced many to term suprscalar
. But its monetary value was more than competitory. IBM pushed third-party package support, and as a consequence, many desktop publication, CAD, and scientific applications ported to the RS/6000, running under AIX, IBM ‘s UNIX. A shriveled version of the multichip RS/6000 architecture serves as the footing for the single-chip PowerPC, the non-x86-compatible processor with the best opportunity of viing with Intel. . But its monetary value was more than competitory. IBM pushed third-party package support, and as a consequence, many desktop publication, CAD, and scientific applications ported to the RS/6000, running under AIX, IBM ‘s UNIX. A shriveled version of the multichip RS/6000 architecture serves as the footing for the single-chip PowerPC, the non-x86-compatible processor with the best opportunity of viing with Intel.Apple Power Macintosh
Not many companies have made the passage from CISC to Risk this well. The Power Macintosh represents Apple`s well-planned and successful spring to bridge two disparate hardware platforms. Older Macs run Motorola ‘s 680×0 CISK line, which is running out of steam ; the Power Macs run bing 680×0-based applications yet provide Power PC public presentation, a combination that sold over a million systems in a twelvemonth. Not many companies have made the passage from CISC to Risk this well. The Power Macintosh represents Apple`s well-planned and successful spring to bridge two disparate hardware platforms. Older Macs run Motorola ‘s 680×0 CISK line, which is running out of steam ; the Power Macs run bing 680×0-based applications yet provide Power PC public presentation, a combination that sold over a million systems in a twelvemonth.IBM ThinkPad 701C
It is non frequently anymore that a new computing machine inspires gee-whiz sentiment, but IBM ‘s Butterfly subnotebook does, with its fantastic spread outing keyboard. The 701C`s bipartite keyboard solves the last major piece in the mystifier of edifice of useable subnotebook: how to supply comfy touch-typing. ( OK, so the floppy thrust is sill external. ) With a life-size keyboard and a 10.4-inch screen, the 4.5-pound 701C compares favourably with life-size notebooks. Battery life is good, excessively. It is non frequently anymore that a new computing machine inspires gee-whiz sentiment, but IBM ‘s Butterfly subnotebook does, with its fantastic spread outing keyboard. The 701C`s bipartite keyboard solves the last major piece in the mystifier of edifice of useable subnotebook: how to supply comfy touch-typing. ( OK, so the floppy thrust is sill external. ) With a life-size keyboard and a 10.4-inch screen, the 4.5-pound 701C compares favourably with life-size notebooks. Battery life is good, excessively.The development of computing machines in ukraine and the former USSR
The authorities and the governments had paid serious attending to the development of the computing machine industry right after the Second World War. The taking organic structures considered this undertaking to be one of the principal for the national economic system. Up to the beginning of the 1950s there were merely little productive capacities which specialized in the bring forthing accounting and account-perforating ( pluging ) machines. The electronic numerical computing machine technology was merely originating and the productive capacities for it were close to the nothing. The first serious stairss in the development of production base were made ab initio in the late fiftiess when the work on making the first industry samples of the electronic numeration machines was finished and there were created M-20, & # 8220 ; Ural-1 & # 8221 ; , & # 8220 ; Minsk-1 & # 8221 ; , which together with their semi-conductor replacements ( M-220, & # 8220 ; Ural-11-14 & # 8221 ; , & # 8220 ; Minsk-22 & # 8221 ; and & # 8220 ; Minsk-32 & # 8221 ; ) created in the sixtiess were the chief 1s in the USSR until the computing machines of the 3rd coevals were put into the consecutive production, that is until the early 1970s. In the 1960s the science-research and piecing base was enlarged. As the consequence of this steps, all researches connected with making and seting into the consecutive production of semi-conductor electronic calculating machines were about finished. That allowed to halt the production of the first coevals machines get downing from the 1964. Following decades the whole subdivision of the computing machine technology had been created. The of import stairss were undertaken to widen the productive capacities for the 3d
coevals machines.
Kiev the homecity of mesm
MESM was conceived by S.A.Lebedev to be a theoretical account of a Big Electronic Computing Machine ( BESM ) . At first it was called the Model
of the Big Electronic Computing Machine, but, subsequently, in the procedure of its creative activity at that place appeared the apparent expedience of transforming it in a little computing machine. For that ground there were added: the impute-output devices, magnetic membranophone storage, the registry capacity was enhanced ; and the word & # 8220 ; Model
& # 8221 ; was changed for & # 8220 ; Malaya
& # 8221 ; ( Small ) . S.A.Lebedev was proposed to head the Institute of Energetics in Kiev. After a twelvemonth ; when the Institute of was divided into two sections: the electronical one and the section of heat-and-power technology, Lebedev became the manager of the first 1. He besides added his research lab of linear calculation to the already bing 1s of the electronical type. At one time he began to work on computing machine scientific discipline alternatively of the usual, everyday researches in the field of technology agencies of stabilisation and constructions of machine-controlled devices. Lebedev was awarded the State Prize of the USSR. Since fall 1948 Lebedev directed his research lab towards making the MESM. The most hard portion of the work was the practical creative activity of MESM. It might be merely the multilateral experience of the researches that allowed the scientist to carry through the undertaking absolutely ; whereas one inaccuracy was made: the hall at the ground-floor of a two-storied edifice was assigned for MESM and when, at last, the MESM was assembled and switched on, 6,000 of juicy electronic lamps created the & # 8220 ; Torrid Zones & # 8221 ; in the hall, so they had to take a portion of the ceiling to diminish the temperature. In fall 1951 the machine executed a complex plan instead stabile. & # 210 ; & # 205 ; & # 197 ; MESM WITH SOME OF THE PERSONAL ( KIEV, 1951 ) Finally all the trials were over and on December, 15 the MESM was put into operation. If to retrieve those short footings the MESM was projected, assembled, and debugged – in two old ages – and taking into consideration that merely 12 people ( including Lebedev ) took portion in the making who were helped by 15 applied scientists we shall see that S.A.Lebedev and his squad accomplished a effort ( 200 applied scientists and many workers besides 13 chief leaders took portion in the creative activity of the first American computing machine ENIAC ) . As life have showed the foundations of the computer-building laid by Lebedev are used in modern computing machines without any cardinal alterations. Nowadays they are good known:
& # 183 ; such devices an arithmetic and memory input-output and control 1s should be a portion of a computing machine architecture ;
& # 183 ; the plan of calculating is encoded and stored in the memory as Numberss ;
& # 183 ; the binary system should be used for encoding the Numberss and bids ;
& # 183 ; the calculations should be made automatically establishing on the plan stored in the memory and operations on bids ;
& # 183 ; besides arithmetic, logical operations are used: comparings, concurrence, disjuncture, and negation ;
& # 183 ; the hierarchy memory method is used ;
& # 183 ; the numerical methods are used for work outing the undertakings.
The chief mistake of The 70s or the old ages of & # 8220 ; might-have-been hopes & # 8221 ;
The great accrued experience in making computing machines, the profound comparing of our domestic accomplishments with the new illustrations of foreign computing machine technique prompted the scientists that it is possible to make the computer science agencies of new coevals run intoing the universe criterions. Of that sentiment were many outstanding Ukrainian scientists of that clip – Lebedev, Dorodnitsin, Glushkov and others. They proceeded from rather a favourable state of affairs in the state. The cybernation of national economic system was considered as one of the most indispensable undertakings. The determination to make the United system of computing machines – the machines of new coevals on integrals. The USA were the first to make the households
of computing machines. In 1963-64 the IBM Company worked out the IBM-360 system. It comprised the theoretical accounts with different capacities for which a broad scope of package was created. A determination refering the 3rd coevals of computing machines ( their construction and architecture ) was to be made in the USSR in the late sixties. But alternatively of doing the determination based on the scientific evidences refering the hereafter of the United system of computing machines the Ministry of Electronic Industry issued the administrative order to copy the IBM-360 system. The leaders of the Ministry did non take into consideration the sentiment of the taking scientists of the state. Despite the fact that there were adequate evidences for believing the 70s would convey new large advancements, those old ages were the measure back due to the mistake manner dictated by the highest governments from above.
The comparing of the computing machine development in the usa and ukraine
At the clip when the computing machine scientific discipline was merely originating this two states were one of the most perceptibly influential. There were a batch of gifted scientists and discoverers in both of them. But the state of affairs in Ukraine ( which at that clip was one of 15 Democracies of the former USSR ) was complicated, on one manus, with the effects of the Second World War and, on the other manus, at a certain period Cybernetics and Computer Science were non acknowledged. Of cause, subsequently it went to the past, but nevertheless it played a negative function on the Ukrainian computing machine development. It besides should be noticed that in America they paid more attending to the development of computing machines for civil and later personal usage. But in Ukraine the attending was chiefly focused on the military and industrial demands. Another interesting facet of the Ukrainian computing machine development was the procedure of the 70s when & # 8220 ; sovietising & # 8221 ; of the IBM-360 system became the first measure on the manner of weakening of places achieved by the Soviet machinery building the first two decennaries of its development. The following measure that led to the farther slowdown was the mindless copying by the SU Ministry of Electronic Industry and seting into production the following American amplifications in the field of microprocessor equipment. The natural concluding phase was purchasing in tremendous measures of foreign computing machines last old ages and pressing to the deep background our domestic researches, and developments, and the computer-building industry on the whole. Another interesting facet of the Ukrainian computing machine development was the procedure of the 70s when the & # 8220 ; sovietizing & # 8221 ; of the IBM-360 system became the first measure on the manner of weakening of places, achieved by the Soviet machinery building of the first two decennaries of its development. The following measure that led to the farther slowdown was the mindless copying of the following American amplifications in the field of microprocessor technique by the Ministry of Computer Industry.
Decision
Having analyzed the development of computing machine scientific discipline in two states I have found some similar and some typical characteristics in the arising of computing machines. First of all, I would wish to state that at the first stages the two states rubbed shoulders with each other. But so, at a certain phase the USSR was unhappily misguided holding copied the IBM-360 out of day of the month engineering. Estimating the treatment of possible ways of the computing machine technique development in the former USSR in late sixtiess – early 1970s from the today point of position it can be noticed that we have chosen a worse if non the worst 1. The lone progressive manner was to establish on our domestic researches and to join forces with the west-European companies in working out the new coevals of machines. Therefore we would make the universe degree of production, and we would hold a existent base for the farther development together with taking European companies. Unfortunately the last 20 old ages may be called the old ages of & # 8220 ; unfulfilled possibilities & # 8221 ; . Today it is still possible to alter the state of affairs ; but tomorrow it will be excessively late. Will the new times come? Will at that place be a new Renaissance of scientific discipline, technology and national economic system as it was in the post-war period? Merely one thing remains for us – that is to wait, to trust and to make our best to make the concluding end.
bibliography:
1.
Stephen G. Nash & # 8220 ; A History of Scientific Computing & # 8221 ; , ACM Press History Series, New York, 1990.
2.
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