The Effects Of Stress Alcohol Outcome Expectancies

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The Effects of Stress, Alcohol Outcome Expectancies, Gender, Coping Styles, and Family Alcoholism on Alcohol Consumption

Research Proposal by

Josh Robbins

100-928-594

November 26, 1996

Economicss 143

Abstraction

One big constituent of American popular civilization today is alcohol. A common stereotype for the effects of intoxicant is that as a drug it acts as a stress adversary. This theory was introduced by Conger ( 1956 ) as the Tension Reduction Hypothesis ( TRW ) . It states that intoxicant? s ataractic action on the cardinal nervous system serves to cut down tenseness, and because tenseness decrease is reenforcing, people drink to get away it ( Marlatt & A ; Rehsenow, 1980 ) . Why do we imbibe, when do we imbibe, and how much do we imbibe? This research will find the correlativity between entire hebdomadal ingestion of intoxicant and perceived emphasis, intoxicant result anticipations, gender, get bying manners, and household history of alcohol addiction among undergraduate pupils. Do people imbibe more or less when stressed? Do alcohol outcome anticipations lead to higher or lower ingestion? Is a history of household alcohol addiction positively or negatively correlated to personal ingestion? Do the tested variables play interceding or chairing functions in stress-related imbibing? This research will find the replies to these inquiries, and find the strength of the correlativities, if any.

Introduction

The chief inquiry that this statistical theoretical account will reply is as follows: Is there any correlativity between imbibing and gender, intoxicant anticipations, household alcohol addiction, emphasis, and get bying manners?

Gender

It has been demonstrated that important differences exist between the imbibing forms of work forces and adult females ( Hilton, 1988 ) . In a study of US imbibing wonts conducted in 1988 by the US National Center for Health Statistics, Dawson and Archer ( 1992 ) showed that there are three countries exemplifying gender differences. The first is the existent figure of male and female drinkers. The survey showed that 64 % of work forces versus 41 % of adult females were current drinkers. Second, work forces were more likely to devour intoxicant on a day-to-day footing ( 17.5 gms of ethanol per twenty-four hours versus 8.9 gms for adult females ) . Third, work forces were more likely to be classified as heavy drinkers. In fact, when the categorization step of a & # 8220 ; heavy drinker & # 8221 ; was changed from five drinks or more per twenty-four hours to nine drinks or more per twenty-four hours the ration of male to female heavy drinkers increased by a factor of 3.

Stress

Are the theories mentioned above about stress-induced imbibing accurate? There have been surveies which disprove the Tension Reduction Hypothesis. For case, in a survey by Conway, Vickers, Ward, and Rahe in 1981 it was found that & # 8220 ; the ingestion of intoxicant among Navy officers during periods of high occupation demands was really lower than the ingestion during low-demand periods. & # 8221 ; Additionally, some drinkers have been known to see intoxicant as a tenseness generator instead than a tenseness reducing agent.

Alcohol Anticipations

The outlooks of what effects alcohol ingestion may hold play an of import function in imbibing wonts. These anticipations foremost develop in childhood as indirect acquisition experiences ( media, household mold, peer influence ) and, as a consequence of increased direct experiences with the pharmacological effects of intoxicant, go more refined ( Christiansen, Goldman, & A ; Inn, 1982 ) . Do the anticipations that people hold about intoxicant decently predict ingestion? Some people believe that intoxicant ingestion will increase sexual and aggressive behaviour, or otherwise enhance societal experiences. Many people subscribe to the position that intoxicant Acts of the Apostless as & # 8220 ; liquid bravery & # 8221 ; .

Datas

The dependant variable for this research will be Weekly Alcohol Consumption ( WEEK ) , measured by the entire figure of drinks consumed in 1 hebdomad. A standard drink is defined as a 12-ounce bottle/can of beer, 1.5 ounce shooting of spirits, or a 5 ounce glass of vino. The forecaster variables would include the dummy variable GENDER, where D1=1 for a male, STRESS, alcoholic anticipations ( EXPECT ) , household alcohol addiction ( FAMILY ) , and difference header manners ( COPE ) .

The complete list of possible mensurable variables are: Perceived Stress, Family History of Alcoholism, Problem-Focused Coping, Emotion-Focused Coping, Less Useful Coping, and Drinking to Cope. For intoxicant anticipation outcomes, the undermentioned variables would be utile: Sociability, Tension Reduction, Liquid Courage, Sexuality, Cognitive & A ; Behavioral Impairment, Risk & A ; Aggression, and Self Perception.

The information for this research undertaking will be collected through studies and questionnaires given to undergraduate pupils at one university, but non limited to one section. An effort should be made to divide the trial group about equal in footings of sex. Since race/ethnicity and age are non being tested, they are irrelevant for this survey. Compensation may be necessary ( perchance a beer ) , as college pupils? clip is rather valuable, and the questionnaire may take appro

ximately 30 proceedingss. There are a figure of trials which presently exist which may be used to measure the topics.

1. Adapted Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test ( Adapted SMAST )

This is a 13 point self-report questionnaire developed by Sher and Descutner in 1986 which is designed to mensurate household history of alcohol addiction. This is a yes/no type of trial, and is specifically determines the extent of an person? s parents? intoxicant maltreatment.

2. Comprehensive Effectss of Alcohol ( CEOA )

The CEOA ( Fromme, Stroot & A ; Kaplan, 1993 ) has 38 inquiries, and is designed to mensurate alcohol result anticipations. There are seven anticipation graduated tables, four positive ( sociableness, tension-reduction, liquid-courage, and gender ) and three negative ( cognitive-behavioral damage, hazard and aggression, and self perceptual experience ) . The replies are based on a five point graduated table with 1 = disagree and 5 = agree.

3. Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS )

The PSS ( Cohen, Kamarck, & A ; Mermelstein, 1983 ) is a 14 point self-report designed to measure the degress to which state of affairss in one? s life are appraised as nerve-racking. There are 7 positive and 7 negative inquiries.

4. Cope

The COPE ( Carver et al. , 1989 ) has 53 inquiries and is designed to measure single header temperaments. This trial is rather complicated, as it is made up of 14 graduated tables which are categorized into 3 get bying manners: Problem-Focused Coping, Emotion-Focused Coping, and Less than Useful Coping ( Denial, Behavioral Disengagement, and Mental Disengagement ) . The chief consequence we will be looking at is a subdivision called & # 8220 ; Drinking to Cope & # 8221 ; . This will assist us happen out whether people drink to get by and if so, in what state of affairss.

Specification

The arrested development equation for this research will be as follows:

WEEKi = b0 + b1 ( GENDER ) i + b2 ( STRESS ) I + b3 ( EXPECT ) i + b4 ( FAMILY ) I + b5 ( COPE ) I

The expected marks of the coefficients are as follows:

b1: This is a dummy variable, with merely 2 possible values, 0=female and 1=male ;

b2: Positive. Increased stress leads to increased imbibing ;

b3: Both. It will likely be positive with anticipation variables like Tension Reduction, liquid-Courage and Sexuality, while negative with Behavioral Impairment, Risk & A ; Aggression, and Self Perception ;

b4: Positive. One would anticipate an alcoholic household would increase the likeliness of an alcoholic kid ;

b5: Positive. If we restrict this variable to Drinking To Cope, it should be positive.

I would be after to run a arrested development utilizing one forecaster variable at a clip, and so adding an extra variable until many possibilities have been regressed, finding the correlativity between the different forecasters. This will find as good which forecasters account for what per centum of the variableness.

Anticipated Benefits

After finding of the correlativity between hebdomadal imbibing and the 5 forecaster variable discussed herein, we will be able to concentrate on which variables have more consequence, or higher correlativity. If the highest correlativity is found in the FAMILY variable, we will cognize to pass more clip and money on plans which promote & # 8220 ; Family Values & # 8221 ; . If high correlativity is found with the STRESS variable, we can direct our energies to doing college less nerve-racking. This research should be used as a signal for what needs to be done in the hereafter.

Mentions

Carver, C. S. , Scheier, M. F. , & A ; Weintraub, J. K. ( 1989 ) . Measuring get bying schemes: A theoretically based attack. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.

Christiansen, B. A. , Goldman, M. S. , & A ; Inn, A. ( 1982 ) . Development of alcohol-related anticipations in striplings: Separating pharmacological from social-learning influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 336-344.

Cohen, S. , Kamarck, T. , & A ; Mermelstein, R. ( 1983 ) . A planetary step of sensed emphasis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.

Conger, J. J. ( 1956 ) . Alcoholism: Theory, job and challenge. II. Reinforcement theory and the kineticss of alcohol addiction. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13, 296-305.

Conway, T. L. , Vickers, R. R. , Ward, H. W. , & A ; Rahe, R. H. ( 1981 ) . Occupational emphasis and fluctuation in coffin nail, java, and intoxicant ingestion. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 155-165.

Dawson, D. A. , & A ; Archer, L. ( 1992 ) . Gender differences in intoxicant ingestion: Effectss of measuring. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 119-123.

Hilton, M. E. ( 1988 ) . Trends in US imbibing forms: Further grounds from the past 20 old ages. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 269-278.

Marlatt, G. A, & A ; Rohsenow, D. J. ( 1980 ) . Cognitive procedures in intoxicant usage: Anticipation and the balanced placebo design. In N. K. Mello ( Ed. ) . Progresss in Substance Abuse: Behavioral and biological research, Vol. 1. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Sher, K. J. , & A ; Descutner, C. ( 1986 ) . Reports of paternal alcohol addiction: Reliability across siblings. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 11, 25-30.

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