Behaviorism Essay, Research Paper

Behaviorism Notes and other Words Learning & # 8212 ; A comparatively lasting alteration in behaviour that occurs through experience. Classical Conditioning & # 8212 ; Reacting Operand Conditioning & # 8212 ; Acting Observational Conditioning & # 8212 ; Detecting Classical Conditioning & # 8212 ; A impersonal stimulation becomes associated with a meaningful stimulation and acquires the capacity to arouse a similar response. -The being as reacting to the environment ( fails to capture active nature of the being and its influence on the environment. ) -Explains nonvoluntary responses – Pavlov -Reflexes & # 8212 ; Automatic stimulus-response connexions. -Unconditional Stimulus ( US ) & # 8212 ; A stimulation that provides a response without anterior acquisition. -Unconditional Response & # 8212 ; ( UP ) & # 8212 ; An unconditioned response that is automatically elected by the US -Conditioned Stimulus ( CS ) & # 8212 ; Previous impersonal stimulation that finally elicits the status response after being associated with the innate stimulation. -Conditioned Response ( CR ) & # 8212 ; Learned response to CS that occurs after CS-US sliver. ( Pavlov, 1927 ) – ( DeCola & A ; Fanselow, 1995 ) & # 8212 ; The interval between the CS & A ; US is one of the most of import facets of classical conditioning – Congruity & # 8212 ; Degree of association of the stimulation. – ( Kimble, 1961 ) & # 8212 ; Conditioned responses developed when the interval between the CS and US is really short, as in a affair of seconds. In many cases, optimum spacing is a fraction of a 2nd. -Generalization & # 8211 ; The inclination of a new stimulation that is similar to the original stimulation to bring forth a response that is similar to the conditioned response. -Discrimination & # 8212 ; The procedure of larning to react to certain stimulations and non to react to others. -Extinction & # 8212 ; The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the innate stimulation -Spontaneous Recovery & # 8212 ; The procedure by which a status response can repeat after a clip hold without farther conditioning. -Stimulus Substitution & # 8212 ; Pavlov & # 8217 ; s theory of how classical conditioning plants ; the nervous system is structured in such a manner that the CS and the US bond together and finally the CS substituted for the US. -Information Theory & # 8212 ; Contemporary account of why classical status plants ; identify to understand classical conditioning focal points on the information an being gets from the state of affairs. – ( E. C. Tolman, 1932 ) & # 8212 ; The being used the CS as a mark or outlook that a US will follow. -Phobias & # 8212 ; Irrational fears -Counterconditioning & # 8212 ; A process for weakening a CR by tie ining the fear-provoking stimulation with a new response incompatible with the fright. – ( Mary Cover Jones, 1924 ) & # 8212 ; Eliminated fright in 3 twelvemonth old. -Some behaviours associated with wellness jobs or mental upsets can affect classical conditioning. -Operant Conditioning -Form of acquisition in which the effects of behaviour green goods alterations in the chance of the behaviour & # 8217 ; s happening. -The behaviour operates on the environments, and the environment in bend operates on the behaviour. -Explains voluntary actions -Stimuli that govern behaviour follow the behaviour ( as oppose to Classical C. ) -E. L. Thorndike -Experimented with power of effects in finding voluntary behavior -Law of Effect & # 8212 ; Behaviors followed by positive results are strengthen, whereas behaviours followed by negative results are weakened. & # 8211 ; S-R Theory & # 8212 ; Thorndike & # 8217 ; s position & # 8211 ; The right stimulus-response association strengths and the wrong association weakens because of the effects of the being & # 8217 ; s actions & # 8211 ; Organism & # 8217 ; s behaviour is due to a connexion between a stimulation and a response. -B. F. Skinner & # 8211 ; Developed construct of operant conditioning ( 1938 ) -Pigeon-guided missile & # 8211 ; Walden Two ( 1948 ) -Presented thought of scientifically managed society -Utopian society through behavioural control -Our behaviour is controlled by environmental forces is to disregard scientific discipline and world -Skinner box -A device in a box would present nutrient pellets into a tray at random. After a rate became accustomed to the box, Skinner installed a lever and observed the rat & # 8217 ; s behaviour. As the hungry rat explored the box, it occasio

nally pressed the ever and a food pellet would be dispenses. -Reinforcement (reward) — A consequence that increases the probability that a behavior will occur -Positive Reinforcement — The frequency of a response increases because it is followed by a stimulus -Negative Reinforcement — The frequency of a response increases because the response is either removes a stimulus or involves avoiding the stimulus. -Punishment — A consequence that decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. -Time Interval – Learning more efficient when the interval between response and reinforcement is a few seconds rather than minutes or hours. -(Holland, 1996) — Learning is more efficient under immediate rather than delayed consequences. -Shaping and Chaining -Shaping — The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior. -Chaining — Technique used to reach a complex sequence, or chain or behaviors. The procedure begins by shaping the final response in the sequence. Then you work backward until a chain of behaviors is learned. -Primary and Secondary Reinforcement -Positive reinforcement -Primary Reinforcement — Involves the use of reinforces that are innately satisfying, that is they do not take any learning on the organism’s part to make them pleasurable. -Secondary Reinforcement — Acquires its positive value through experience; secondary reinforces are learned or conditioned reinforces. -Token Rein forcer — Money -Schedules of Reinforcement -Partial Reinforcement- Responses are not reinforced each time they occur -Schedules of reinforcement — “Timetables” that determine when a response will be reinforced. -Fixed-Ratio Schedule — Reinforces a behavior after a set number of responses. -Variable-Ratio Schedule — A timetable in which responses are rewarded an average number of time, but on an unpredictable basis. -Fixed-Interval Schedule — Reinforces the first appropriated response after a fixed amount of time has elapsed. -Variable-Interval Schedule — A timetable in which a response is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. -The closer the schedule is to continuous reinforcement, the faster the individual learns. However, once behavior is learned, the intermittent schedules can be effective n maintaining behavior. -(Skinner, 961) — Rate of behavior varies from one schedule to the next -Fixed-ratio schedule produced a high rate of behavior with a pause occurring between the reinforce and the behavior -Variable-ration schedule elicits a high rate of behavior when the pause after the reinforcement is eliminated…. This schedule usually elicits the highest response rate of all four schedules. -Interval schedules produce behavior at a lower rate than ratio schedules -Extinction — A previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and there is decreased tendency to perform the response. -Generalization —Giving the same response to similar stimuli. -Discrimination — The tendency to respond only to those stimuli that are correlated with reinforcement. -Discriminative Stimuli — Signal that a response will be reinforced -Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) — Application of operant condition principles to change human behavior. Observational Learning — (aka imitation or modeling) Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone’s behavior. -(Bandura (1965) — Bobo dolls Cognitive Factors in Learning -S-O-R Model — A model of learning that gives some importance to cognitive factors -S=stimuls -O=organism, “black box” -R=response -Cognitive map — An organism’s mental representation of the structure of physical space. -Insight learning — A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight or understanding of a problem’s solution -Preparedness — Species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain way but not in others -Instinctive Drift — Tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. -Taste aversion —if an organism ingests a substance that poisons but does not kill it, the organism often develops considerable distaste for that substance.