Context:

BASIC Information	p.2
POPULATION GROWTH	p.8
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION	p.12
INTERNAL MIGRATION	p.14
China Sticks to Population Control Policy in New Century	p.16
President on Population Control, Resources and Environmental Protection	p.17
Literature	P.19

BASIC INFORMATION BASIC Information

China is a transnational state, with a population com & # 173 ; posed of a big figure of cultural and lingual groups. Almost all its dwellers are of Mongoloid stock: therefore, the basic categorization of the population is non so much Han ethnic as lingual. The Han ( Chinese ) , the largest group, ( Chinese ) outnumber the minority groups or minority nationalities in every state or independent part except Tibet and Sinkiang. The Han. hence, organize the great homoge & # 173 ; neous mass of the Chinese people, sharing the same dead end & # 173 ; ture, the same traditions, and the same written linguistic communication. Some 55 minority groups are spread over about 60 per centum of the entire country of the state. Where these minority groups are found in big Numberss, they have been given some gloss of liberty and self-govern & # 173 ; ment ; independent parts of several types have been established on the footing of the geographical distribution of nationalities.

The authorities takes great recognition for its intervention of these minorities, including attention for their economic wellbeing, the elevation of their life criterions, the proviso of educational installations, the publicity of their national linguistic communications and civilizations, and the elevation of their degrees of lit & # 173 ; eracy, every bit good as for the debut of a written linguistic communication where none existed antecedently. In this connexion it may be noted that, of the 50-odd minority linguistic communications, merely 20 had written signifiers before the coming of the Communists ; and merely comparatively few written linguistic communications, for illustration, Mongolian. Tibetan. Uighur, Kazakh, Tai, and Korean, were in mundane usage. Other written linguistic communications were used chiefly for spiritual intents and by a limited figure of individuals. Educational establishments for national minorities are a characteristic of many big metropoliss, notably Peking, Wu & # 173 ; Han, Ch’eng-tu. and Lan-chou.

Four major linguistic communication households are represented in China: the Sino-Tibetan. Altaic. Indo-germanic, and Austro-Asiatic. The Sino-Tibetan household, both numerically and in the extent of its distribution, is the most of import ; within this household, Han Chinese is the most widely spoken linguistic communication. Although unified by their tradition, the written characters of their linguistic communication, and many cultural traits, the Han talk several reciprocally unintelligible idioms and show marked regional differences. By far the most im & # 173 ; portant Chinese lingua is the Mandarin, or p’u-l’ung Harkat-ul-Mujahidin,
intending “ ordinary linguistic communication ” or “ common linguistic communication ” . There are three discrepancies of Mandarin. The first of these is the northern discrepancy, of which the Peking idiom, or Peking Harkat-ul-Mujahidin,
is typical and which is spoken to the North of the Tsinling Mountains-Huai River line: as the most widespread Chinese lingua, it has officially been adopted as the footing for a national linguistic communication. The 2nd is the western discrepancy, besides known as the Ch’eng-tu or Upper Yangtze discrepancy ; this is spoken in the Szechwan Basin and in bordering parts of south-west China. The 3rd is the southern discrepancy, besides known as the Nanking or Lower Yangtze discrepancy, which is spoken in northern Kiangsu and in southern and cardinal Anhwei Related to Mandarin are the Hunan, or Hsiang, idiom, spoken by people in cardinal and southern Hunan, and the Kan idiom. The Hui-chou idiom, spoken in southern Anhwei, forms an enclave within the southern Mandarin country.

Less apprehensible to Mandarin talkers are the idioms of the south-east coastal part, stretching from Shanghai to Canton. The. most of import of these is the Wu idiom, spoken in southern Kiangsu and in Chekiang. This is followed, to the South, by the Fu-chou, or Min. idiom of northern and cardinal Fukien and by the Amoy-Swatow di & # 173 ; alect of southern Fukien and easternmost Kwangtung. The Hakka idiom of southernmost Kiangsi and north-eastern Kwangtung has a instead scattered form of distribution. Probably the best known of these southern idioms is Can & # 173 ; tonese, which is spoken in cardinal and western Kwangtung and in southern Kwangsi a dialect country in which a big proportion of abroad Chinese originated.

In add-on to the Han, the Manchu and the Hui ( Chinese Muslims ) besides speak Mandarin and utilize Chinese characters. Manchu The Hui are posterities of Chinese who adopted Islam and Hui when it penetrated into China in the seventh century. They are intermingled with the Han throughout much of the state and are distinguished as Hui merely in the country of their heaviest concentration, the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningsia. Other Hui communities are organised as gold & # 173 ; tonomous prefectures ( tzu-chih-cfiou )
in Sinkiang and as independent counties ( tzu-chih-hsien )
in Tsinghai. Hopeh. Kweichow, and Yunnan. There has been a turning 10 & # 173 ; dency for the Hui to travel from their scattered colonies into the country of major concentration, perchance, as house ad & # 173 ; herents of Islam, in order to ease exogamy with other Muslims.

The Manchu declare themselves to be posterities of the Manchu warriors who invaded China in the seventeenth century and founded the Ch’ing dynasty ( 1644-1911/12 ) . Ancient Manchu is virtually a dead linguistic communication, and the Manchu have been wholly assimilated into Han Chinese cul & # 173 ; ture. They are found chiefly in North China and the Northeast, but they form no separate independent countries above the commune degree. Some say the Koreans of the Northeast, who form an independent prefecture in eastern Kirin, can non be assigned with certainty to any of the standard linguistic communication categorizations.

The Chuang-chia, or Chuang, are China ‘s largest minority group. Most of them live in the Chuang Autonomous Region of Kwangsi. They are besides represented in national independent countries in neighboring Yunnan and Kwang & # 173 ; Aleurites fordii. They depend chiefly on the cultivation of rice for their support In faith they are animists, worship & # 173 ; ing peculiarly the liquors of their ascendants, The Puyi ( Chung-chia ) group are concentrated in southern Kwei & # 173 ; Zhou, where they portion an independent prefecture with the Miao group. The T’ung group are settled in little communities in Kwangsi and Kweichow ; they portion with the Miao group an independent prefecture set up in south-east Kweichow in 1956. The Tai group are concentrated in southern Yunnan and were established in two autono & # 173 ; mous prefectures & # 8212 ; one whose population is related most closely to the Tai of northern Thailand and another whose Tai are related to the Shan people of Burma. The Li of Hai-nan Island organize a separate group of the Chinese-Tai linguistic communication subdivision. They portion with the Miao people a territory in southern Hai-nan.

Tibetans are distributed over the full Tsinghai-Tibetan tableland. Outside Tibet, Tibetan minorities constitute gold & # 173 ; tonomous prefectures and independent counties. There are five Tibetan independent prefectures in Tsinghai, two in Szechwan, and one each in Yunnan and Kansu. The Tibetans still maintain their tribal features, but few of them are mobile. Though basically husbandmans, they besides raise farm animal and, as with other tribal peoples in the Chi & # 173 ; nese far west, besides Hunt to supplement their nutrient supply. The major faith of Tibet has been Tibetan Buddhism since about the seventeenth century ; before 1959 the societal and political establishments of this part were still based mostly on this religion. Many of the Yi ( Lolo ) were concentrated in two independent prefectures & # 8212 ; one in southern Szechwan and another in northern Yunnan. They raise harvests and sometimes maintain flocks and herds.

The Miao-Yao subdivision, with their major concentration in Kweichow, are distributed throughout the cardinal South and south-western states and are found besides in some little countries in east China. They are subdivided into many instead distinguishable groupings. Most of them have now lost their traditional tribal traits through the influence of the Han, and it is merely their linguistic communication that serves to distin & # 173 ; guish them as tribal peoples. Two-thirdss of the Miao are settled in Kweichow, where they portion two independent prefectures with the T’ung and Puyi groups. The Yao peo & # 173 ; ple are concentrated in the Kwangsi-Kwangtung-Hunan boundary line country.

In some countries of China, particularly in the south-west, there are many different cultural groups that are geographically intermixed. Because of linguistic communication barriers and different economic constructions, these peoples all maintain their ain cultural traits and live in comparative isolation from one an & # 173 ; other. In some topographic points the Han are active in the towns and in the fertile river vales, while the minority peoples depend for their support on more crude signifiers of agribusiness or on croping their farm animal on hillsides and mountains. The perpendicular distribution of these peoples is in zones normally the higher they live, the lupus erythematosus complex

their manner of life. In former times they did non blend good with one another, but now, with main roads perforating deep into their colonies, they have better chances to pass on with other groups and are besides basking better living conditions.

While the minorities of the Sino-Tibetan linguistic communication fam & # 173 ; ily are therefore concentrated in the south and south-west, the 2nd major linguistic communication household the Altaic is represented wholly by minorities in north-western and northern China. The Altaic household falls into three subdivisions: Turkic, Mon & # 173 ; golian, and Manchu-Tungus. The Turkic linguistic communication subdivision is by far the most legion of the three Altaic subdivisions. The Uighur, who are Muslims, organize the largest Turkic minority. They are distributed over ironss of oases in the Tarim Basin and in the Dzungarian Basin of Sinkiang. They chiefly depend on irrigation agribusiness for a liveli & # 173 ; goon. Other Turkic minorities in Sinkiang are splinter groups of nationalities populating in neighboring states of Central Asia, including the Kazakh and Kyrgyz. All these groups are disciples of Islam. The Kazakh and Kyrgyz are pastoral mobile peoples, still demoing hints of tribal administration. The Kazakh unrecorded chiefly in north-western and north-eastern Sinkiang as Herders, retiring to their cantonments in the vale when winter comes ; they are established in the 1-li-ha-sa-k’o ( Hi Kazakh ) Autonomous Prefecture. The Kyrgyz are high-mountain pastoralists and are con & # 173 ; centrated chiefly in the westernmost portion of Sinkiang.

The Mongolians, who are by nature a mobile people are the most widely dispersed of the minority nationalities of China. Most of them are dwellers of the Inner Mon & # 173 ; golia Autonomous Region. Small Mongolian and Mongo & # 173 ; lian-related groups of people are scattered throughout the huge country from Sinkiang through Tsinghai and Kansu and into the states of the Northeast ( Kirin, Heilungkiang, and Liaoning ) . In add-on to the Inner Mongolia Au & # 173 ; tonomous Region, the Mongolians are established in two independent prefectures in Sinkiang, a joint independent prefecture with Tibetans and Kazakh in Tsinghai, and several independent counties in the western country of the Northeast. Some of them retain their tribal divisions and are pastoralists, but big Numberss of Mongolians engage in sedentary agribusiness, and some of them combine the growth of harvests with herding. The folk, who are de & # 173 ; pendant upon carnal farming, travel each twelvemonth around the grazing land & # 8212 ; croping sheep, caprine animals, Equus caballuss, cowss, and camels & # 8212 ; and so return to their point of going. A few take up runing and fur caparison in order to supple & # 173 ; ment their income. The Mongolian linguistic communication consists of several idioms, but in faith it is a consolidative force ; most Mongolians are trusters in Tibetan Buddhism. A few lingual minorities in China belong to neither the Sino-Tibetan nor the Altaic linguistic communication household. The Tajik of westernmost Sinkiang are related to the population of Tajikistan and belong to the Persian subdivision of the Indo-germanic household. The Kawa people of the China-Burma boundary line country belong to the Mon-Khmer subdivision of the Austro-Asiatic household.

POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH

Historical records show that, as long ago as 800 & # 1074 ; & # 1089 ; , in the early old ages of the Chou dynasty, China was already inhabited by about 13,700,000 people. Until the last old ages The nose count of the Hsi ( Western ) Han dynasty, approximately ad 2, relatively accurate and complete registries of population were kept, and the entire population in that twelvemonth was given as 59,600,000. This first Chinese nose count was intended chiefly as a preparative measure toward the levy of a canvass revenue enhancement. Many members of the population, aware that a nose count might work to their disadvantage, managed to avoid coverage ; this explains why all subsequent population figures were undependable until 1712. In that twelvemonth the Emperor declared that an increased population would non be capable to revenue enhancement ; population figures thenceforth bit by bit became more accurate.

During the ulterior old ages of the Pei ( Northern ) Sung dy & # 173 ; awful, in the early twelfth century, when China was already in the flower of its economic and cultural development, the entire population began to transcend 100,000,000. Subsequently, uninterrupted and large-scale invasions from the North reduced the state ‘s population. When national unifica & # 173 ; tion returned with the coming of the Ming dynasty, the nose count was at first purely conducted. The population of China, harmonizing to a enrollment compiled in 1381, was rather close to the one registered in ad 2.

From the fifteenth century onward, the population increased steadily ; this addition was interrupted by wars and natu & # 173 ; ral catastrophes in the mid-17th century and slowed by the internal discord and foreign invasions in the century that preceded the Communist coup d’etat in 1949. During the eighteenth century China enjoyed a drawn-out period of peace and prosperity, characterized by continual territorial ex & # 173 ; pansion and an speed uping population addition. In 1762 China had a population of more than 200,000.000. and by 1834 the population had doubled. It should be noted that during this period there was no attendant addition in the sum of arable land ; from this clip on. land hungriness became a turning job. After 1949 sanitation and medical attention greatly improved, epidemics were brought under control, and the younger coevals became much healthier. Public hygiene besides improved, ensuing in a decease rate that declined faster than the birth rate and a rate of population growing that speeded up once more. Population reached 1,000.000.000 in the early 1980s.

Now China has a population of 1,295.33 million. Compared with the population of 1,133.68 million from the 1990 population nose count ( with zero hr of July 1, 1990 as the mention clip ) , the entire population of the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities and the military mans of the mainland of China increased by 132.15 million individuals, or 11.66 per centum over the past 10 old ages and 4 months. The mean one-year growing was 12.79 million individuals, or a growing rate of 1.07 per centum.

The continually turning population airss major prob & # 173 ; lunar excursion modules for the authorities. Faced with troubles in Ob & # 173 ; taining an equal nutrient supply and in battling the by and large low criterion of life, the governments sponsored Drive a thrust for birth control in 1955-58. A 2nd effort at for birth population control began in 1962, when protagonism of late control matrimonies and the usage of preventives became promi & # 173 ; nent parts of the plan. The eruption of the Cultural Revolution interrupted this 2nd family-planning thrust, but in 1970 a 3rd and much stricter plan was initi & # 173 ; ated. This plan attempted to do late matrimony and household restriction obligatory, and it culminated in 1979 in attempts to implement a policy of one kid per household.

Other developments affected the rate of population growing more than the first two official family-planning runs. For illustration, although household planning had been rejected by Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong ( Mao Tse-tung ) in 1958, the Great Leap Forward that he initiated in that twelvemonth ( see below The economic system )
caused a monolithic dearth that resulted in more deceases than births and a decrease of population in 1960. By 1963 recovery from the dearth produced the highest rate of population addition since 1949, at more than 3 per centum, although the 2nd birth-control run had already begun.

Since the induction of the 3rd family-planning plan in 1970, nevertheless, province attempts have been much more ef & # 173 ; fective. China ‘s population growing rate is now remarkably low for a underdeveloped state, although the immense size of its population still consequences in a big one-year cyberspace popula & # 173 ; tion growing.

Below I described the distribution of China & # 8217 ; s population by different features.

I. Sexual activity Composition.

Of the people enumerated in the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities and military mans of the mainland of China, 653.55 million individuals or 51.63 per centum we

rhenium males, while 612.28 million individuals or 48.37 per centum were females. The sex ratio ( female=100 ) was 106.74.

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II. Age Composition.

Of the people enumerated in the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities and military mans of the mainland of China, 289.79 million individuals were in the age group of 0-14, accounting for 22.89 per centum of the entire population ; 887.93 million individuals in the age group of 15-64, accounting for 70.15 per centum and 88.11 million individuals in the age group of 65 and over, accounting for 6.96 per centum. As compared with the consequences of the 1990 population nose count, the portion of people in the age group of 0-14 was down by 4.80 per centum points, and that for people aged 65 and over was up by 1.39 per centum points.

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III. Composition of Nationalities.

Of the people enumerated in the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities and military mans of the mainland of China, 1,159.40 million individuals or 91.59 per centum were of Han nationality, and 106.43 million individuals or 8.41 per centum were of assorted national minorities. Compared with the 1990 population nose count, the population of Han people increased by 116.92 million individuals, or 11.22 per centum ; while the population of assorted national minorities increased by 15.23 million individuals, or 16.70 per centum.

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IV. Composition of Educational Attainment.

Of the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities and military mans of the mainland of China, 45.71 million individuals had finished university instruction ( mentioning to junior college and above ) ; 141.09 million individuals had received senior secondary instruction ( including secondary proficient school instruction ) ; 429.89 million individuals had received junior secondary instruction and 451.91 million individuals had had primary instruction ( the educated individuals included alumnuss and pupils in schools ) .

Compared with the 1990 population nose count, the undermentioned alterations had taken topographic point in the figure of people with assorted educational attainments of every 100,000 people: figure of people with university instruction increased to 3,611 from 1,422 ; figure of people with senior secondary instruction increased to 11,146 from 8,039 ; figure of people with junior secondary instruction increased from 23,344 to 33,961 ; and figure of people with primary instruction decreased from 37,057 to 35,701.

Of the people enumerated in the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities and military mans of the mainland of China, 85.07 million individuals were illiterate ( i.e. people over 15 old ages of age who can non read or can read really small ) . Compared with the 15.88 per centum of illiterate people in the 1990 population nose count, the proportion had dropped to 6.72 per centum, or down by 9.16 per centum points.

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V. Urban and Rural Population.

In the 31 states, independent parts and municipalities of the mainland of China, there were 455.94 million urban occupants, accounting for 36.09 per centum of the entire population ; and that of rural occupants stood at 807.39 million, accounting for 63.91 per centum. Compared with the 1990 population nose count, the proportion of urban occupants rose by 9.86 per centum points.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Following are the consequences from the progress tabular matter on the geographic distribution of population from the 5th national population nose count of China:

Region	Population ( million )
Beijing Municipality	13.82
Tianjin Municipality	10.01
Hebei Province	67.44
Shanxi Province	32.97
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	23.76
Liaoning State	42.38
Jilin Province	27.28
Heilongjiang Province	36.89
Shanghai Municipality	16.74
Jiangsu Province	74.38
Zhejiang Province	46.77
Anhui Province	59.86
Fujian State ( excepting the population in Jinmen and Mazu and a few other islands )	34.71
Jiangxi Province	41.40
Shandong State	90.79
Henan Province	92.56
Hubei Province	60.28
Hunan Province	64.40
Guangdong Province	86.42
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	44.89
Hainan Province	7.87
Chongqing Municipality	30.90
Sichuan State	83.29
Guizhou Province	35.25
Yunnan State	42.88
Tibet Autonomous Region	2.62
Shaanxi Province	36.05
Gansu Province	25.62
Qinghai Province	5.18
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region	5.62
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region	19.25
Hongkong Special Administrative Region	6.78
Macao Special Administrative Region	0.44
Taiwan Province and Jinmen, Mazu and a few other islands of Fujian State	22.28
Servicemans	2.50

Because of complex natural conditions, the population of China is rather unevenly distributed. Population denseness varies strikingly, with the greatest contrast happening be & # 173 ; tween the eastern half of China and the lands of the West and the north-west. Exceptionally high population densenesss occur in the Yangtze Delta, in the Pearl River Delta, and on the Ch’eng-tu Plain of the western Szechwan Basin. Most of the high-density countries are coextensive with the alluvial fields on which intensive agribusiness is centred.

In contrast, the stray, extended western and frontier parts, which are much larger than any European sodium & # 173 ; tion, are sparsely populated. Extensive uninhabited countries include the highly high northern portion of Tibet, the flaxen wastes of the cardinal Tarim and eastern Dzungarian basins in Sinkiang, and the waste desert and mountains east of Lop Nor.

In the 1950s the authorities became progressively cognizant of the importance of the frontier parts and initiated a thrust for former members of the military and immature intel & # 173 ; lectuals to settle at that place. Consequently, the population has increased, following the building of new railroads and main roads that traverse the barren ; a figure of little excavation and industrial towns have besides sprung up.

INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNAL MIGRATION

Migrations have occurred frequently throughout the history of China. Sometimes they took topographic point because a dearth or political perturbation would do the depopulation of an country already intensively cultivated, after which people in next crowded parts would travel in to busy the abandoned land. Sometime between 1640 and 1646 a peas & # 173 ; ant rebellion broke out in Szechwan, and at that place was a great loss of life. Peoples from Hupeh and Shensi so entered Szechwan to make full the vacuity, and the motion contin & # 173 ; ued until the nineteenth century. Again, during the center of the nineteenth century, the Taiping Rebellion caused another large-scale break of population. Many people in the Lower Yangtze were massacred by the opposing ground forcess, and the subsisters suffered from famishment. After the licking of the rebellion, people from Hupeh, Hunan, and Honan moved into the depopulated countries of Kiangsu. Anhwei. and Chekiang, where farming area was lying uncultivated for privation of labor. Similar illustrations are provided by the Nien Rebellion in the Huai River part in the 1850s and ’60s, the Muslim rebellions in Shensi and Kansu in the 1860s and ’70s, and the great Shensi and Shansi dearth of 1877-78.

In modern history the domestic motion of the Han to Manchuria ( now known as the Northeast ) is the most Migration important. Even before the constitution of the Ch’ing to dynasty in 1644, Manchu soldiers launched foraies into Manchuria North China and captured Han laborers, who were so obliged to settle in Manchuria. In 1668 the country was closed to further Han migration by an Imperial edict, but this prohibition was ne’er efficaciously enforced. By 1850. Han colonists had secured a place of laterality in their colonization of Manchuria. The prohibition was subsequently partly ‘ lifted, partially because the Manchu swayers were harassed by perturbations among the pullulating population of China proper and partially because the Russian Empire clip and once more tried to occupy sparsely populated and therefore weakly defended Manchuria. The prohibition was eventually removed wholly in 1878, but set & # 173 ; tlement was encouraged merely after 1900. The inflow of people into Manchuria was particularly pro & # 173 ; nounced after 1923, and incoming husbandmans quickly brought a huge country of virgin prairie under cultivation. About two-thirds of the immigrants entered Manchuria by sea, and one-third came overland. Because of the badness of the winter conditions, migration in the early phase was extremely sea & # 173 ; sonal, normally get downing in February and go oning through the spring. After the fall crop a big proportion of the husbandmans returned south. As Manchuria developed into the chief industrial part of China, nevertheless, big urban Centres arose, and the nature of the migration changed. No longer was the motion chiefly one of agricultural relocation ; alternatively it became basically a rural-to-urban motion of interregional magnitude. After 1949 the new authorities ‘s attempts to further planned migration into interior and boundary line parts produced no & # 173 ; ticeable consequences. Although the entire figure of people involved in such migrations is non known, it has been estimated that by 1980 about 25 to 35 per centum of the population of such parts and states as Inner Mon & # 173 ; golia, Sinkiang, Heilungkiang. and Tsinghai consisted of recent migrators, and migration had raised the per centum of Han in Sinkiang from approximately 10 to 40 per centum of the entire. Attempts to command the growing of big metropoliss led to the relocation of 20,000,000 urbanites in the countryside after the failure of the Great Leap Forward and of 17, -000,000 urban-educated young persons in the decennary after 1968. Within the following decennary, nevertheless, the bulk of these “ rusticated young persons ” were allowed to return to the metropoliss, and new migration from rural countries pushed urban popu & # 173 ; lation sums upward one time once more.

China Sticks to Population Control Policy in New Century China Sticks to Population Control Policy in New Century

China will go on its attempts to command the growing of the population in the 21 century, said Zhang Weiqing, curate of the State Family Planning Commission on November 2, 2000.

At the one-year board meeting of the Partners in Population and Development by South-South Cooperation, which opened Thursday in Beijing, Zhang said that maintaining a low birth rate is the cardinal undertaking of China ‘ s household be aftering plan in the coming decennary.

He said that China has made it a end to maintain the population below 1.4 billion until 2010 on the footing of scientific feasibleness survey.

In order to gain the end, China is prevailing in popularization and instruction about household planning and contraceptive method, and it will do attempts to construct a perfect population control system suited for China ‘s state of affairs, said Zhang.

Harmonizing to Zhang, population will go on to be a urgent issue for China in the twenty-first century. The one-year net population growing will be more than 10 million at the start of the new century. The population will non worsen until it reaches a extremum of 1.6 billion in the center of the twenty-first century, Zhang said.

At present, China has a big work-age population, which puts a heavy load on employment. The work-age population will top out at 900 million in the coming decennaries.

In add-on, Zhang predicts that the figure of senior citizens over the age of 60 in China will make 130 million at the terminal of this twelvemonth, and will transcend 357 million in 2030, and 439 million in 2050, or a one-fourth of the entire population.

Zhang said that China will lodge to household planning policy for a long clip depending on future population state of affairs.

President on Population Control, Resources and Environmental Protection

Population control, resources and environmental protection will be three important issues in China ‘s March toward going a great power in the new century, President Jiang Zemin told a seminar held by the Communist Party of China Central Committee Sunday.

Jiang said that governmental determinations refering the state ‘s population control, resources and environmental protection demand concerted attempts and cooperation from all walks of life.

Jiang warned that although pronounced advancement had been made during the 1996-2000 period, China is still confronting many jobs and challenges refering population, resources and environmental protection in the coming old ages.

“ These issues are straight related to the state ‘s overall development. Failure in managing them may prorogue the accomplishment of China ‘s set ends in footings of societal and economic development, ” said Jiang.

Jiang said that the following few old ages will be a important phase for China to brace its birth rate at the current low degree and better population quality.

When covering with population issues, authoritiess at all degrees should better function the people ‘s demands, and turn the state ‘s birth control attempts into a cause profiting China ‘s immense public, Jiang remarked.

Jiang besides said that resource-related plants should better function the state ‘s sustainable development. Protection and rational use of resources are to be granted equal importance by disposal sections.

Meanwhile, the president called for the constitution of a rigorous resources disposal mechanism, and urged the transmutation of the traditional resource-utilising norms, to salvage natural resources from being wasted.

Jiang suggested the usage of new engineerings and a complete monitoring system to control the state ‘s long-standing environmental pollution, while vouching healthy economic development.

Besides in his address, Jiang stressed the importance of bettering the ordinance of China ‘s scarce H2O resources and the farther building of irrigation plants.

Literature:

1. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS PEOPLE ‘S REPUPLIC OF CHINA.

2. Great British ENCYCLOPAEDIA

3. CHINEESE MAGAZINES ( ENGLISH VARIANT )