Cloning 4 Essay, Research Paper

Human embryo cloning should non be done because of the spiritual, moral, ethical, and societal concerns that it places upon the human race. Although there may be some positive affects to cloning worlds, there are far excessively many opposing factors in this state of affairs. Many spiritual leaders of expressed their concern and disapprobation of human cloning. The moral and ethical facets outweigh any scientific grounds, and the societal concerns are scaring. The most of import inquiry that needs to be asked, is whether the additions out weigh the losingss & # 8211 ; the additions being scientific research and the losingss being the spiritual, moral, ethical, and societal concerns that it poses on today s society. A ringer, as defined in The Human Genome Project, is ; 1. a population of genetically indistinguishable unicellular beings or viruses originating from consecutive reproductions of a individual hereditary unicellular being or virus. 2. a recombinant ringer. 3. the fragment of foreign DNA contained in each member of a recombinant ringer. 4. a population of indistinguishable cells originating from the civilization of a individual cell of a certain type, such as a human fibroblast or a rodent-human loanblend cell incorporating a full set of gnawer chromosomes and a individual human chromosome. Human embryo cloning starts with a criterion in vitro fertilisation process. Sperm and an egg cell are assorted together on a glass dish. After construct, the fertilized ovum ( fertilized egg ) is allowed to develop into a blastosphere ( a hollow mass of cells ) . The fertilized ovum divides foremost into two cells, so four, so eight & # 8230 ; A chemical is added to the dish to take the zone pellucida covering ; this stuff provides foods to the cells to advance cell division. With the covering removed, the blastosphere is divided into single cells which are deposited on single dishes. They are so coated with an unreal zone pellucida and allowed to split and develop. That is how a human embryo ringer is made utilizing the twinning method. Some scientists believe that human embryo cloning and related research can hold some positive consequences, nevertheless, many spiritual leaders feel that cloning and related research should non be permitted. Religion and scientific discipline have been involved in an on-going conflict over many topics in the past, but human embryo cloning has caused the biggest argument therefore far. Many spiritual doctrines teach that human life is alone and particular and should be created, determined and controlled merely by their divinities. Many faiths believe in the being of, and in the individualism of, a human psyche. Some people, peculiarly Evangelical Christians and Roman Catholics believe that a psyche enters the organic structure at the blink of an eye of construct, and the fertilized egg cell is in fact a human being. Dividing that babe in half would interfere with God s purpose. And the many cloned fertilized ovums that died after a few cell divisions would be lost human existences ; their loss is considered every bit serious as the decease of a new born babe. These same conservative Christians would besides be distressed at the usage of cloning to weed out genetically faulty fertilized egg cells. The process would ensue in the violent death of one of the ringers during the familial testing. Since they regard all of the ringers as separate human existences, this would be slaying. The Church of Scotland has extensively studied facets of cloning. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland has passed a gesture to reaffirm their belief in the basic self-respect and singularity of each human being under God. They express the strongest possible resistance to the cloning of human existences and impulse to press for a comprehensive international pact to censor it worldwide. Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends in Washington DC, leads a alliance of 300 spiritual and moralss organisations from around the universe. He proposes a world-wide prohibition on cloning, stating it should transport a punishment on a par with colza, kid maltreatment, and slaying. Aside from the spiritual facet, human cloning has brought up many moral and ethical inquiries. The National Institute of Health set up a medical panel to organize a preliminary set of guidelines to assist bridge the spread between scientists and society. They recommend that research be permitted on preexisting embryos. The embryos would be allowed to develop up to and including the 14th twenty-four hours. The panel suggested that the research be permitted after the 14th twenty-four hours of develop

ment depending on the circumstances, but definitely not after the eighteenth day , when the neural tube closure begins. The neural tube is the beginning of the nervous system, including the brain in adult humans. The experiments that the panel recommended to be banned include impregnating human embryos in other animal species, impregnating cloned embryos into humans, the use of embryos for sex selection, or the transfer of one nucleus from one embryo to another. Some individuals have expressed social concerns about cloning. We live in a society where people are willing to do all kinds of things for money. A type of black market for embryos could easily develop. Parents already spend a great deal of money on in vitro fertilization, who knows how much they would be willing to pay for cloning their children? Shannon Brownlee of US News & World Report claims, A bizarre possibility to consider is that a woman conceived from a split embryo could give birth to her own twin. This possibility only begins the crazy affects that cloning can have on society. What would one think if they were walking down the street and they saw a mother and her children walking side by side and they were identical looking just of different ages. Just think, how would you explain the concept of cloning to your children? What if a country were to finance a program similar to that of Nazi Germany whereby humans were bed to maximize certain traits. Once the perfect human was developed, embryo cloning could be used to replicate that individual and conceivably produce unlimited numbers of clones. The same approach could be used to create a genetic underclass for exploitation: e.g. individuals with sub-normal intelligence and above normal strength. Richard Seed, a physicist from Illinois, is attempting to establish a human cloning clinic. He claimed on January 7, 1998 that he was 90% complete in hiring a team of experts to attempt the cloning of a human being, following the experiments of Dolly. If successful, the resultant child would have identical DNA to one of its parents. Louise Brown, a fertility expert who helped produce the first test-tube baby in 1978 said, My first reaction is that here is somebody trying to make a quick buck off of self-advertising, because of course there is no way you could make a clone a human being safely at this point. I think the man is clearly unhinged and I don t think he is to be taken seriously. Marion Bamewood, a member of the board of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine said, I have very serious reservations about cloning human beings. The society has declared a 5 year voluntary ban on cloning humans. Mr. Seed responded, I can t really answer the critics who think it s a bad idea. They ll never be persuaded. As far a I m concerned, they have rather small minds and a rather small view of the world and a rather small view of God. In a 1997 CNN poll conducted among 1005 American adults has a margin of error of 3%. They found: 89% felt that cloning humans was morally unacceptable 66% felt that cloning animals was morally unacceptable 69% is scared of the possibility of cloning humans 74% believe that human cloning is against God s will, 19% say that it is not. Not all of the effects of human cloning are negative. For instance, cloning could produce a reservoir of spare parts . Fertilized ovum s could be cloned into multiple zygotes; one could be implanted in the woman and allowed to develop into a normal baby; the other zygotes could be frozen for future use. The question is, is the second twin obligated to give up a part of his body for his earlier twin? And what if the second twin has the same missing spare part ? In the event that the child require a bone marrow transplant, one of the zygotes could be taken out of storage, implanted, allowed to mature to a baby and then contribute some of its spare bone marrow to its (earlier) identical twin. The question here is, What if the second twin also has defective bone marrow, are both the twins to die? Also, cloning using the DNA from the cell of an adult with the desired traits or talents might produce an infant with similar potential. Although there are some positive effects of human cloning, the religious, moral, ethical, and social concerns far outweigh those of scientific evidence. We live in a highly intelligent and very sensitive society. The possible harm that cloning could cause must never be overlooked.