Report

Lipich Vitalii Form 11-V School 1

Lutsk 2002

After licking of Mazepa, czar Peter intensified his attempts to repress Ukraine. Hetman Skoropadskyi had his powers restricted by Russian supervisors. His abode was transferred from Baturyn to Hlukhow near Russian boundary line, where two Russian forts were stationed to guarantee his trueness to Moscow.

Ukrainian population became burdened by looting Russian military units, dispersed throughout the state. Cossacks were sent to work on building of canals near St Petersburg, linking river Volga with Baltic Sea, where they died in 1000s from hungriness, exhaustion and illness. Many Cossack colonels were replaced by Russian subjects.

In 1722, tsar appointed a council called “ Small Russian Collegiate ” , controlled by senior Russian officers and headed by brigadier Velmyaninow, to supervise and scrutinize hetman ‘s activities and determinations. This, for practical intents, transferred all powers to Russians, go forthing Cossack hetman and his officers merely with empty rubrics.

Hetman Skoropadskyi was really disquieted by such state of affairs ; he became sick and died in 1722. czar Peter used this chance to get rid of the office of hetman wholly. He directed Cossack colonel Polubotok to execute hetman ‘s responsibilities under supervising of Velmyaninow and refused to hold to Cossack petitions to elect new hetman.

Russian residents continued to oppress and impoverish Ukrainian population. They kept directing more Cossacks to work on building of canals, linking Caspian Sea with Baltic Sea, where some 20000 Cossacks perished during old ages 1721 to 1725.

Polubotok was an honest and energetic adult male. He managed to better jurisprudence and order within Cossack constitution and to better populating conditions of the population. However this did non delight Russian governments, who relied on upset and corruptness to keep their clasp on Ukraine. They feared Polubotok ‘s turning popularity and his attempts to re set up Hetmanate.

Velmyaninow complained to tsar that Polubotok was non following with his directives. Consequently Polubotok was arrested and interrogated under anguish in Petropavlowsk garrison, near St Petersburg. He died at that place, as a sufferer for Ukrainian cause in fall 1724, in malice of czar ‘s belated attempts to salvage him and to accommodate with Cossacks. czar Peter died shortly after, at the beginning of twelvemonth 1725.

Ukraine was therefore left at the clemency of Velmyaninow and his confederates. As for Cossack colonels, some were in prison near St Petersburg and others, who were non already replaced by Russians, kept quiet and to frighten to defy.

czar Peter was succeeded by his married woman Catherine. Faced with possible war with Turkey, she needed Cossacks and wanted to return to them some of their former freedoms. However she faced a stiff resistance from the “ old guard ” in Russian authorities, hence Cossacks received merely few minor grants. Catherine died in spring 1727 and the grandson of czar Peter, Peter II became the emperor of Russia.

The new Russian authorities sacked Velmyaninow and his “ Small Russian Collegiate ” , released Cossack colonels from gaol and appointed 70 twelvemonth old Danylo Apostol as Cossack hetman. On 1st October 1727 Apostol was officially accepted by Cossacks by pompous election in Hlukhow.

Although coverage to Russian “ resident ” Naumow, new hetman managed to transport out considerable betterments in Ukrainian state of affairs. His trueness to Moscow was ensured by presence of one of his boies as practical surety in St Petersburg.

czar Peter II died in 1730 and his aunt czarina Anna became the swayer of Russia. When hetman Apostol fell badly and became paralyzed, she refused to manus over his powers to Cossacks and ordered Russian “ occupant ” , prince Shakhowski to organize a council, dwelling chiefly of Russians, to take over. Hetman Apostol died in January 1734 and subsequently in that twelvemonth Zaporozhtsi in Sitch decided to come over from Turkish to Russian side.

With Ukraine going about a state of Russia, russianization of political, spiritual and cultural life intensified. Exogamies with Russians were encouraged and any attempts to recover independency were viciously suppressed. Cossack colonels were kept under changeless observation and subjected to house Searchs at the slightest mark of disloyalty. Even any efforts to obtain justness were punished ; when, in 1737, Kyiv ‘s metropolis counsellors tried to support their rights against Russian surpluss, they were all jailed. Thingss were so bad, that when in 1740 an English general Keith was temporarily appointed in topographic point of a Russian decision maker, people were amazed by his human behaviour and tolerance.

Timess were difficult for the top bed of Ukrainian society, but even harder for center and lower categories and provincials, who suffered most from Russian development. Cossacks were being forced to contend for Russia against Turks, Tatars and Poles for little wagess, and frequently for nil.

Under such fortunes, hankering for the return of Hetmanate liberty persisted. The possibility of this to go on occurred after the terminal of war with Turkey in 1740 and decease of czarina Anna in 1741. A short regency of Anna II was terminated by a castle revolution, whereupon the girl of Peter I, Elizabeth was installed on Russian throne.

Elizabeth was sympathetic to Ukrainian cause because, prior to going czarina, she befriended and fell in love with a fine-looking boy of a Cossack tribunal choir vocalist, Oleksiy Rozumowskyi. She married him after her enthronement.

While sing Kyiv in 1744, she agreed to advance Cossacks ‘ petition to re install hetman ‘s office and proposed Oleksiy ‘s younger brother Kyrylo Rozumowskyi for this place.

Twenty twelvemonth old Kyrylo, who studied abroad, returned in 1746, married into royal household and was bestowed with many orders and rubrics. In 1747 Russian senate was requested to take stairss toward re constitution of Hetmanate.

In February 1750, pompous formality of election of new Cossack hetman took topographic point in Hlukhow, followed by jubilations and celebrations. In spring of 1751 hetman Kyrylo Rozumowskyi, once more with great ceremonial and parade was installed as hetman.

Unfortunately, being brought up in St Petersburg, Rozumowskyi was a alien to Ukraine and ways of life at that place. His Russian adviser Teplow was unsympathetic to Ukraine ‘s freshly won liberty and did all he could

to impede its development. Rozumowskyi himself was bored with life in Ukraine and preferred to pass most of his clip in St Petersburg.

It could be said that, during this period, Ukraine was divided into several parts such as Left Bank dwelling of Hetmanate and Slobidshchyna, Zaporozhian Sich, Right Bank, Halychyna ( Galicia ) , Wolhynia, Bukovyna and Transcarpatia.

The Hetmanate included countries around Poltava, Lubny, Peryaslav, Kyiv, Nizhyn, Chernihiv, Hlukhiv and besides countries, which are at present parts of Russian Federation, around Starodub, Pochep and Mhlyn.

The adjacent countries centered around Kharkiv were called Slobidshchyna significance free ( from serfhood ) lands besides referred to as Sloboda Ukraine. They included Izyum, Balakleya, Akhtyrka, Sumy and, soon Russian countries around Bilhorod, Ostrohozhsk and Sudza. Originally these lands were settled by adventuresome people, who tried to set up themselves free from Polish and Russian domination. They formed Cossack regiments for protection from Tatars and for some clip were able to take an independent life, because they served as a buffer from Turks and Tatars. However subsequently they fell under direct Russian regulation ; the liberty of Loboda Ukraine was abolished under Catherine II in 1765.

To guarantee permanent domination over these two parts of Ukraine, Russians tried to stamp down Ukrainian civilization. They disallowed Ukrainian linguistic communication in books, schools and theatres. The church and authorities were controlled by Moscow and the lone manner for a individual to progress was to talk Russian and to be loyal to Moscow.

While Ukraine on the east side of Dnipro ( Left Bank ) was being russianized, the western Ukraine consisting of Galicia Wolhynia and Bukovyna ( countries around Lviv, Ternopil Lutsk and Chernivtsi ) was under Polish influence. Polish governments were forestalling non merely national, but besides economic development of Ukrainians. The Orthodox Church was being bit by bit taken over by Polish dominated Catholic Church.

Between western Ukraine and, Russian dominated, parts on east side of Dnipro was a big district on Right Bank, partially de-populated by recent wars affecting Cossacks, Poles, Russians, Turks and Tatars. Gradually, Polish aristocracy began to return, reclaimed their landholdings and started to work Ukrainian provincials as helot. The opposition to this, at first, was in the signifier of criminal packs, said to hold robbed the rich to assist the hapless. Some of the pack leaders were even considered as common people heroes, such as Olexa Dowbush, who operated between 1738 and 1745. There were besides uprisings by so called Haydamaks, by and large during belligerencies between Poland and Russia. The biggest rebellion was in 1768. Haydamaks, led by Maxym Zaliznyak and Ivan Honta, captured Umanj and killed many Polish oppressors and their Judaic confederates. They expected aid from their Orthodox “ brothers ” from Russia. However Russians made peace with Poland, captured Zaliznyak, Honta and many other Haydamaks handed them over to Poles. Those, who were non instantly anguished and executed, were tried in Kodno and sentenced, in most instances, to decease.

The Transcarpathian Ukraine ( countries around Uzhhorod and Mukachiv ) was under Magyar regulation. Overwhelmingly rural in character Transcarpathia had a Ukrainian Ruthenian peasantry, a powerful Magyar aristocracy and a significant figure of urban and rural Jews. Ukrainian population at that place did non expose much enthusiasm for independency but managed to retain their linguistic communication, imposts and faith.

Cancellation of Hetmanate was decided by czarina Catering II, who ruled Russia from 1762, after short reign of her hubby Peter III. Hetman Rozumovskyi resigned and, in his topographic point, on November 1764, tsarina rhenium installed “ Small Russian Collegiate ” , under presidential term of Graf Rumyantsev.

Rumyantsev ‘s policy was to extinguish all staying hints of Ukrainian liberty and segregation, to present serfhood of provincials and to incorporate Ukraine with Russia. This was resisted by Cossacks and population at big.

In 1767 czarina ordered election of deputies from all parts of Russian Empire in order to be informed what sort of authorities people want. The deputies from Ukraine declared their desire for Hetmanate liberty. This enraged Rumyantsev and he sent out his officers to carry voters to elect deputies back uping his authorities ; people who resisted were jailed. However in malice of all attempts of Russian governments, the popular sentiment for return of Hetmanate system continued.

In 1772 Galicia and, two old ages subsequently, Bukovina were annexed to Austro Hungarian Monarchy, which has slightly improved conditions of Ukrainians ( Ruthenians in the modern-day nomenclature of Galicia ) . In 1774 the Uniate church ( renamed to Greek Catholic church ) was, by imperial edict, equalized in position with Roman Catholic church. Educational reforms in 1775 allowed for instructions in Ukrainian linguistic communication. However on balance authorities policies favored the Poles.

The Cossack fastness, Zaporozhian Sitch, was subservient to Moscow and was utilized for foraies on Crimea and Turkey. During Turkish war, which started in 1768, several thousand Cossacks supported Russians in conflicts on land and Sea. Their attempts were rewarded by eulogiums from czarina but small else and limitations of Cossack freedoms continued. Their lands were being colonized by Russians, Serbians and other aliens with purpose of creative activity of so called Novorossiya or New Russia province in the South of Ukraine.

After terminal of Turkish war in 1775 the Cossacks were being bit by bit disarmed and in the Summer of that twelvemonth, Russian general Tekeli surrounded Cossacks in Sitch itself with superior force and demanded forsaking of their fortress. Faced with such overpowering odds, Cossack head Kalnyshevskyj surrendered. Sitch was destroyed and abolished by czarist edict of 3rd August 1775. Kalnyshevskyj and other Cossack leaders were exiled to Siberia.

The Cossack lands were granted to Russian Lords ; Cossacks were told to scatter and settle in towns and small towns or to fall in Russian forces. Many Cossacks escaped and settled in Turkey near Danube delta ; in 1778 they were officially accepted under Turkish regulation.

By terminal of 1780 all territories, which were once under Hetmanate, were incorporated into Russian government. In 1783 all Cossack regiments were transferred to Russian forces ; provincials were prohibited to go forth their landlords, which made them serfs on their former land. Ukrainian church liberty was abolished and church belongings was transferred to Russian exchequer.