1.

The velocity and volume of a river varies from topographic point to put along a river’s class because of many grounds. In the upper class. the volume of H2O is low as there are few feeders. In comparing. the volume of H2O in the in-between class is higher as there are more feeders providing H2O to the chief river channel. The volume of H2O in the lower class is the highest as the lower class has the most feeders.

However. many other factors will besides impact the volume of H2O in the river. More permeable stones will ensue in less surface overflow. therefore a lower volume of H2O. Less permeable stones will so hold more surface overflow. therefore a higher volume of H2O.

Vegetation on land such as trees and workss besides affects the volume of H2O. as flora intercepts rain. The upper class normally has more flora. while the lower classs have less flora stoping precipitation. Sparse flora consequences in less H2O infiltrating the land. therefore there will be more surface overflow. ensuing in a larger volume of H2O.

The clime of the peculiar country will impact the volume of H2O in a river excessively. The volume of H2O varies for moisture and dry seasons as the sum of rainfall alterations. By and large. in hot and wet equatorial or tropical country. there is a higher volume of H2O as compared to dry countries such as comeuppances.

Last. the size of the drainage basin will impact the volume of a river. The bigger the size of land country drained by the chief river and its feeders. the higher the volume of H2O as there is more aggregation of rainwater compared to a smaller drainage basin which has less surface country for rain to fall on.

The velocity of the river. is affected by the gradient of the river. In the upper class. the gradient of the river is steep. therefore the H2O is fast-flowing. In the center and lower classs. the gradient is soft. therefore the H2O flows more easy.

The raggedness of the river channel besides affects the velocity of the H2O in a river. By and large. the upper class has a rougher river channel while the center and lower classs have a smoother river channel. When the river bed is uneven and has a big figure of obstructions such as stones. bowlders and workss. there is more clash. doing the H2O to flux more easy.

The wetted margin of the river affects the velocity of the H2O excessively. The wetted margin of the H2O is the size of the river channel in contact with the H2O. The upper class has normally a smaller wetted margin while the in-between class has a larger wetted margin. The lower class has the largest wetted margin. A larger wetted margin decreases the velocity of the H2O due to the clash generated as with more of the river channel being in contact with the river’s H2O.

2. a )

Transport procedure A is suspension. Suspension occurs when little atoms such as silt or clay-sized atoms are carried within the H2O by turbulent flow. Transport procedure B is grip. and occurs when big bowlders or stones rolled along the river bed. Transport procedure C is saltation. where little pebbles and rocks are bounced or hopped along the river bed.

B )

Solution is non shown in the figure. Solution is a river conveyance procedure in which minerals are dissolved in the H2O and carried in solution. As the minerals are dissolved in the H2O and therefore unseeable to the bare oculus. it so can non be shown in the figure.

3. a )

There are 4 chief procedures of river eroding. including hydraulic action. abrasion. abrasion and solution. Hydraulic action is the removing and dislodging of stones from the bed and Bankss of the river by the sheer force of the running H2O. Corrasion. or scratch. is the grinding of stone fragments carried by the river against the bed and Bankss of the river. This action both widens and deepens the river channel.

Abrasion is the knocking of stone fragments in the H2O against one another. In the procedure. the stones become smaller and rounder as the crisp borders are grounded. Through clip. stones become grain sized silt. clay and other deposits. Solution is the procedure by which river H2O reacts chemically with soluble minerals in the stones and dissolves them. For illustration. when a river watercourse flows over an country of limestone. it erodes the limestone by responding chemically with it and dissolves it.