When companies beginning. industry. and/or market merchandises in foreign states. they encounter intriguing and frequently ambitious cultural environments. Chapter Two examines the kineticss of civilization and its consequence upon international concern operations and scheme. While researching the causes of cultural differences. rigidnesss. and alterations. it focuses upon the impact of cultural traditions on concern activities. every bit good as the reciprocally satisfactory rapprochement of cultural differences. The chapter concludes with a treatment of the ways in which houses can potentially maximise their effectivity while operating in a universe of complex and dynamic cultural diversenesss.

Chapter Outline

Opening Case: The Java Lounge—Adjusting to Saudi Arabian
Culture [ See Map 2. 1. ]
This instance provides a dramatic illustration of the challenges presented to foreign houses by a permeant. theocratic. national civilization. It shows why companies have had mixed success in Saudi Arabia. a modern yet ancient society grounded in Islamic jurisprudence. spiritual strong beliefs. and behavioural traditions. In peculiar. the instance highlights the illustration of the Java Lounge. a new. up-scale Jeddah eating house that serves an flush niche of Saudi consumers. Further. it describes ways in which a assortment of foreign houses have adjusted their merchandises. installations. and runing schemes in order to run into authorities demands and yet fulfill the Saudi consumer. It points out legion paradoxes one may meet sing Saudi legal countenances. buying forms. and attitudes toward work. The instance concludes by observing some of the chances that exist in Saudi Arabia—either because of or in malice of the contrasts and contradictions found at that place.

Teaching Tips: Carefully reexamine the PowerPoint slides for Chapter Two. Besides. reexamine the corresponding picture cartridge holder. “Inside the Kingdom: Life in Saudi Arabia” [ Nightline. 20:00 ] .

I. Introduction
Culture refers to the particular learned norms that reflect the attitudes. values. beliefs. and imposts of a society. Often. people at the same time belong to different groups stand foring different civilizations and/or subcultures. Further. every concern map is capable to cultural influences. Therefore. major jobs of cultural hit are likely to happen if a house implements patterns that do non reflect local imposts and values and/or employees are unable to accept or set to foreign imposts. Therefore. it is critical that houses determine which concern patterns vary in a foreign state and what accommodations. if any. are necessary. [ See Fig. 2. 1. ]

II. CULTURAL AWARENESS
Although people agree that cross-cultural differences do be. they frequently disagree on their impact. Are they widespread or exceeding? Are they deep-rooted or superficial? Are they easy discerned or hard to comprehend? It is critical that directors develop an acute consciousness of all those civilizations in which they operate. However. the sum of attempt needed to make this depends on the similarity between states and the types of concern operations undertaken. In add-on. non merely are at that place differences that distinguish assorted civilizations. there is besides a good trade of fluctuation found within civilizations. Finally. because civilizations are dynamic. current attitudes and behaviours may good alter in the hereafter.

III. IDENTIFICATION AND DYNAMICS OF CULTURES
Cultures consist of societies. i. e. . comparatively homogenous groups of people. who portion attitudes. values. beliefs. and imposts. While states are a utile but imperfect mention for international concern. linguistic communication and faith frequently serve as stabilising influences on civilization. A. The State as a Point of Mention

The state provides a feasible definition of a civilization because the basic similarity among people within states is both a cause and an consequence of national boundaries ; in add-on. Torahs apply chiefly along national lines. National individuality is perpetuated through the rites and symbols of a state and a common perceptual experience of history. At the same clip. assorted subcultures and cultural groups may exceed national boundaries. In many cases. non-national similarities ( such as direction vs. labour ) may associate groups from different states more closely than certain groups within a state. B. Cultural Formation and Dynamics

Culture is transmitted in a assortment of ways. but psychologists believe that by age ten. most kids have their basic value systems steadfastly in topographic point. However. single and social values and imposts invariably evolve in response to altering economic and societal worlds. Cultural alteration that is brought about by infliction is known as cultural imperialism. The debut of certain elements of an outside civilization may be referred to as creolization. indigenization. or cultural diffusion. C. Language as a Cultural Stabilizer

While a common linguistic communication within a state serves as a consolidative force. linguistic communication diverseness may sabotage a firm’s ability to behavior concern. to incorporate work forces. and to market merchandises on a national degree. Isolation from other groups. particularly because of linguistic communication. tends to stabilise
civilizations. Because some states see linguistic communication as such an built-in portion of their civilizations. they may modulate the inclusion of foreign words and/or mandate the usage of the country’s official linguistic communication for concern intents. [ See Map 2. 2 and Fig. 2. 2. ] D. Religion as a Cultural Stabilizer

Religion can be a strong maker of values and beliefs and is a major beginning of both cultural jussive moods and tabu. Buddhism. Christianity Hinduism. Islam. and Judaism represent merely some of the faiths whose specific beliefs may impact concern patterns. Still in all. non all states that pattern the same basic faith topographic point indistinguishable restraints on concern. In add-on. force among spiritual groups can damage belongings and disrupt concern activities for both place and host state houses. [ See Map 2. 3. ]

DOES GEOGRAPHY MATTER?
Birds of a Feather Flock Together

The more stray people are. the less likely they will act upon and be influenced by other civilizations. Although transit and communications systems have rendered many natural barriers less formidable. they still play a function. Natural conditions affect people’s preferable physical civilization. every bit good as the words used to depict it. Proximity besides speeds cultural diffusion—people by and large have more contact with others nearby than those far off. However. certain noteworthy exclusions. including the visual aspect of subcultures. have been caused by colonisation and in-migration.

IV. BEHAVIORAL PRACTICES AFFECTING BUSINESS
Attitudes and values affect all dimensions of concern activities. from what merchandises to sell to how to form. finance. manage. and command operations. The consequence is that there are 1000s of ways to associate civilization to concern. A. Social Stratification Systems

Peoples fall into societal stratification systems harmonizing to group ranks that. in bend. find a person’s grade of entree to economic resources. prestigiousness. employment. societal dealingss. and power. Ascribed group ranks are defined at birth and are based on features such gender. household. age. caste. and cultural. racial. or national beginning. Acquired group ranks are based on one’s pick of associations. such as political party. faith. and professional organisations. Social stratification affects both concern scheme and operational patterns. 1. Performance Orientation. Some states base a person’s eligibility for occupations and publicities chiefly on competency. but in others. competency is of secondary importance. In more classless ( unfastened ) societies. the less difference ascribed group rank makes. but in more closed societies. group rank may order one’s entree to instruction and employment. Further. societal obstructions and public sentiment in a firm’s place state may besides impact its patterns abroad. 2. Gender-Based Groups.

Strong country-specific differences exist in attitudes toward the functions of males and females in society and the workplace. every bit good as the types of occupations regarded as “male” or “female. ” However. in some parts of the universe. barriers to employment based on gender are easing. In add-on. as the composing of occupations becomes less physical and more originative and/or proficient. the comparative demand for female employees is besides increasing. 3. Age-Based Groups. Many civilizations assume that age and wisdom are correlated ; therefore. they frequently have a seniority-based system of promotion. In others. there is an accent on young person. peculiarly in the kingdom of selling. Often there is a compulsory retirement age in concern. but non in political relations. Clearly. houses must see mention groups when make up one’s minding whom to engage and how best to advance their merchandises. 4. Family-Based Groups. In some societies. household rank is more of import than single accomplishment.

Where there is low trust outside the household. such as in China and southern Italy. little family-run companies are by and large rather successful. but they frequently have trouble spread outing beyond the household. In add-on. such commitments may hinder the economic development of a state if large-scale operations are necessary to finish globally. 5. Occupation. In every society certain businesss are perceived as holding greater economic value and societal prestigiousness than others. Although many such perceptual experiences are cosmopolitan. there are important differences in national and cultural attitudes about the desirableness of specific businesss. every bit good as the willingness to accept the hazards of entrepreneurship. instead than work as an organisational employee.

B. Work Motivation

Employees who are motivated to work long and difficult are by and large more productive than those who are non. On an aggregative footing. this will hold a positive consequence on economic development and national fight. 1. Materialism and Leisure. States differ in their grade of philistinism. In some societies. such as Japan and the United States. people desire less leisure clip than others. such as much of Europe. Sociologist Max Weber claimed that preponderantly Protestant Western economic systems were the most economically developed because of their accent on difficult work and investing. This position of work as a way to redemption ( an branch of the Reformation ) is known as the “Protestant ethic” . In rural India. nevertheless. where minimum stuff accomplishment is a desirable terminal in itself. any added productiveness will probably be taken in the signifier of leisure. instead than income. In still other states. leaders stress the demand for a civilization that combines material amenitiess with spiritualty. 2. Expectation of Success and Reward. Although the same undertakings performed in different states will hold different chances of success. different wagess for success. and different effects for failure. people will normally work harder at any undertaking when the wages for success is greater than the effect of failure.

The greatest enthusiasm for work exists when high uncertainness of success is combined with the likeliness of a really positive wages for success and small or none for failure. 3. Assertiveness. Hoftsede’s survey of directors from more than 50 states defines a individual who ranks high on the masculinity-feminity index as person who admires the successful winner. has small understanding for the unfortunate. and prefers to be better than others. Such a individual believes that that it is better “to unrecorded to work” than “to work to populate. ” However. those attitudes. every bit good as a penchant for growing and profitableness over quality of life and environment. are non shared by all. ( Examples of states ranking high on this variable are Japan. Austria. Venezuela. and Switzerland ; those superior low are Sweden. Norway. the Netherlands. and Denmark. ) Further. states besides differ in the grade to which persons are self-asserting. confrontational. and aggressive in their relationships with others. Therefore. state directors will be motivated in a assortment of different ways. [ See Fig. 2. 4. ] 1. Needs Hierarchy. Maslow’s hierarchy of demands provinces that people will seek to carry through lower-order physiological demands before satisfying ( in order ) their security. association. regard. and self-actualization demands. This theory can be particularly helpful for distinguishing the wages penchants of employees in different states. who may probably rank some of their higher-order demands otherwise. C. Relationship Preferences

Within societal stratification systems. non every member of a mention group is needfully equal. In add-on. there may be strong or weak force per unit areas for group conformance. Such national differences in norms influence both effectual direction manners and selling behaviour. 1. Power Distance. Power distance describes the relationship between higher-ups and subsidiaries. Hoftsede’s survey provinces that when power distance is high. the direction manner is by and large distant. i. e. . bossy or paternalistic. When power distance is low. directors tend to interact with and confer with their subsidiaries during the decision-making procedure. ( Examples of states ranking comparatively high on power distance are Brazil. France. and Malaysia ; those ranking comparatively low are Austria. Japan. and the Netherlands. ) 2. Individualism vs. Collectivism. Hoftsede’s survey defines individuality as a person’s desire for personal freedom. clip. and challenge. His/her dependance on the organisation is low. and self-actualization is a premier incentive. On the other manus. Bolshevism indicates a person’s dependance on and commitment to the organisation. every bit good as his/her desire for preparation. coaction. and shared wagess.

A premier incentive is a safe physical and emotional environment. ( Examples of states ranking high on individuality are Australia. Britain. and the United States ; those superior high on Bolshevism are China. Mexico. and Japan. ) It should besides be noted that in many cases. an individual’s penchant for individuality vs. Bolshevism will be more of import than the national norm associating to the same penchants. D. Risk-Taking Behavior

Nationalities differ in their attitudes toward risk-taking. i. e. . how volitionally people accept things the manner they are and how great their demand for control of their fates. 1. Uncertainty Avoidance. Hofstede’s survey describes uncertainness turning away as one’s tolerance of hazard. When the mark is high. workers need precise waies and the chance of long-run employment. while consumers are wary about seeking new merchandises. When the mark is low. workers are willing to be originative and to travel to new occupations. while consumers accept the hazard of being the first to seek new merchandises. ( Examples of states ranking high on uncertainness turning away are Greece. Belgium. and Portugal ; those superior low are Britain. Denmark. and Singapore. ) 2. Trust. Trust represents one’s belief in the dependability and honestness of another. Where trust is high. there tends to be a lower cost of making concern because directors devote less clip to probe and inadvertence and more to innovation and investing. ( While Norwegians tend to exhibit a high grade of trust. Brazilians tend to be skeptical. ) 3. Future Orientation.

Persons who tend to populate for the present as opposed for the hereafter see hazards in detaining satisfaction and puting for the hereafter. Where future orientation is higher. workers will more likely be motivated by types of delayed compensation. such as retirement plans. ( While a future orientation tends to be higher in Canada. the Netherlands. and Switzerland. it tends to be lower in Italy. Poland. and Russia. ) 4. Fatalism. Fatalism represents the belief that life is predestined. that every event is inevitable. that occurrences represent “the will of God. ” Unlike those who believe strongly in self-government and basic cause-and-effect relationships. determinists ( e. g. . Muslims and other fundamentalists ) are non likely to be after for eventualities or take duty for public presentation. Thus they are less swayed by persuasive logic than by personal relationships. E. Information and Task Processing

Peoples from different civilizations obtain. perceive. and process information in different ways ; therefore. they may besides make different decisions. 1. Percept of Cues. People perceive cues selectively. They identify things by agencies of their senses ( sight. odor. touch. gustatory sensation. sound ) and in assorted ways within each sense. The peculiar cues used will change both for physiological and cultural grounds ; ( e. g. . differences in oculus pigmentation enable some to distinguish colourss better than others ; the richer and more precise a linguistic communication. the better one’s ability to show subtleties. ) 2. Obtaining Information. Language represents a culture’s primary agencies of communicating. In a low-context civilization. people rely on explicit. first-hand information that bears straight on a determination or state of affairs ; people say what they mean and mean what they say. In a high-context civilization. people besides rely on implicit. peripheral information and infer significance from things communicated indirectly ; relationships are really of import ; ( e. g. . while the United States and Germany are considered to be low-context civilizations. Japan and Saudi Arabia are considered to be high-context cultures. ) 1. Information Processing. All civilizations categorize. program. and quantify. but the ordination and categorization systems used frequently vary.

In monochronic civilizations ( e. g. . northern Europeans ) people prefer to work consecutive. but in polychronic civilizations ( e. g. . southern Europeans ) people are more comfy working on multiple undertakings at one clip. Likewise. in some civilizations people focus foremost on the whole and so on the parts ; likewise. some civilizations will find rules before they try to decide little issues ( idealism ) . whereas other civilizations will concentrate more on inside informations instead than rules ( pragmatism ) . F. Communications

Communication jobs may originate when traveling from one state to another. even though both states portion the same official linguistic communication. Of class. jobs besides arise when traveling from one linguistic communication to another. 1. Spoken and Written Language. Translating one linguistic communication into another can be really hard because ( a ) some words do non hold a precise interlingual rendition. ( B ) the common significance of words is invariably germinating. ( degree Celsius ) words may intend different things in different contexts. and ( vitamin D ) a little abuse of vocabulary or word arrangement may alter significances well. Further. while gags and laughter have cosmopolitan entreaty. much wit does non. Therefore. words must be chosen really carefully. because hapless interlingual renditions may hold tragic effects. 2. Silent Language. Silent linguistic communication incorporates the broad assortment of gestural cues through which messages are sent—intentionally or accidentally. Color associations. the distance between people during conversations. the perceptual experience of clip and promptness. a person’s perceived position. and kinesics ( organic structure linguistic communication. including gestures ) are all really important. Misinterpretations in any of these countries can be serious. [ See Table 2. 1. ]

V. DEALING WITH CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Once a company identifies cultural differences in the foreign states in which it operates. must it change its customary patterns? Can persons get the better of accommodation jobs when working abroad? A. Accommodation of Foreigners

If merchandises and operations do non run counter to deep-rooted attitudes. or if the host state is willing to accept foreign imposts as a tradeoff for other advantages. important accommodations may non be required. Further. members of a host society may be offended if aliens adopt traditions or behaviours that are felt to be cultural scoops. B. Cultural Distance: Utility and Restrictions

Cultural distance represents the grade of similarity between two societies. States may be comparatively similar to one another because they portion the same linguistic communication. faith. geographical location. ethnicity. and/or degree of economic development. Generally. a house should hold to do fewer accommodations when traveling within a culturally similar bunch than when it moves from one distinguishable cultural bunch to another. However. a director must non presume that apparently similar states are more likewise than they truly are and be lulled into a complacence that overlooks critical nuances. [ See Map 2. 4. ] C. Culture Shock

Culture daze represents the injury one experiences in a new and different civilization because of holding to larn to get by with a huge array of new cues and outlooks. Rearward civilization daze occurs when people return place. holding accepted the civilization encountered abroad and detecting that things at place have changed during their absence. D. Company and Management Orientations

Whether and to what extent a house and its directors adapt to foreign civilizations depends non merely on the conditions within those civilizations but besides on the policies of the company and the attitudes of its directors. 1. Polycentrism. Polycentrism represents a managerial attack in which foreign operations are granted a important grade of liberty. in order to be antiphonal to the singularity of local civilizations and other conditions. 2. Ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism represents a belief that one’s ain civilization is superior to others. and that what works at place should work abroad. Excessive ethnocentrism may take to dearly-won concern failures. 3. Geocentrism. Geocentrism represents a managerial attack in which foreign operations are based on an informed cognition of both place and host state needs. capablenesss. and restraints.

POINT—COUNTERPOINT:
Does International Business Lead to Cultural Imperialism?

Point: Modern cultural imperialism has come about because of the proficient. political. military. and economic domination of the Center in relation to the Periphery. Exposure to intelligence and amusement media. extended advertisement. mass distribution. and Western tourers leads Periphery peoples to believe that Western life styles are glamourous. exciting. and desirable. As international houses take advantage of this freshly created demand. they uncaringly employ patterns and attitudes that farther upset the local civilization and self-identity that helps stabilise a state. While rich states may be able to forbid investing in culturally sensitive industries. curtail the usage of foreign linguistic communications. limit the showing of foreign movies. etc. . Periphery states lack the resources to make so.

Counterpoint: Although Periphery peoples have adopted everything from denims to Coca-Cola. they pick and choose merchandises based on personal readings of their demands in relation to the worlds of the civilizations in which they live. While tradeoffs are frequently involved. globalisation provides options that otherwise would non be. Further. grounds does non bespeak that the acceptance of foreign merchandises needfully causes a alteration in a country’s civilization. With contact. cultural diffusion spreads in two waies. Cultures have ever evolved. and what is happening is the development of intercrossed civilizations. non cultural imperialism. Finally. foreign houses must adhere sufficiently to local civilization lest they fail—and local competition may non be local at all.

E. Strategies for Instituting Change
Companies may necessitate to reassign new merchandises and/or runing methods from one state to another in order to derive a competitory advantage. To maximise the possible benefits of their foreign presence. they need to handle acquisition as a bipartisan procedure and reassign cognition from place states abroad and from host states back place. 1. Value system. The more that alteration disturbances of import values. the more opposition it will meet. Accommodation is much more likely when alterations do non interfere with deep-rooted imposts. 2. Cost Benefit of Change. Some accommodations to foreign civilizations are dearly-won to set about. but their benefits are merely fringy. The expected cost-benefit of any alteration must be carefully considered. 3. Resistance to Too Much Change. Resistance to alter may be reduced if merely a few demands are made at one clip ; others may be phased in incrementally. 4. Engagement. A proposed alteration should be discussed with stakeholders in progress in order to ease their frights of inauspicious consequences—and possibly derive their support. 5. Reward Sharing.

A company may take to supply benefits for all the stakeholders affected by a proposed alteration in order to derive support for it. 6. Opinion Leaders. Characteristics of sentiment leaders frequently vary by state. By detecting the local channels of influence. an international house may seek the support of sentiment leaders to assist rush the credence of alteration. 7. Clocking. Many good concern alterations fail because they are unseasonable. Attitudes and demands change easy. but a crisis may excite the credence of alteration. 8. Learning Abroad. The kernel for set abouting multinational patterns is to capitalise on diverse capablenesss by reassigning larning among all the states in which a house operates.

Look TO THE FUTURE: What Will Happen to National Cultures?

Although some tangibles have become more cosmopolitan. the ways in which people cooperate. work out jobs. and are motivated continue to differ. Many expect that as contact across civilizations becomes more widespread and as people become more flexible citizens. intercrossed civilizations will develop. Others believe that national civilizations will be more homogenised with regard to seeable looks of civilization. but that basic values will non alter. A 3rd position is that national civilizations will go stronger because of feelings of patriotism. Finally. some people feel that national boundary lines as we know them today will alter to suit cultural groups and other subcultures.

Shutting Case: Charles Martin in Uganda [ See Map 2. 5. ]

Hydro Generation ( HG ) is a U. S. -based specializer in power coevals. with workss in 16 states. Charles Martin. a 29 year-old American has been assigned by HG to pull off the preliminary phase of the building of a big dike in Uganda. Martin’s specific assignment was to ( i ) work with Ugandan authorities governments and villagers to derive support and necessary permission for the building. ( two ) set up an office and hire people who would be responsible for local operations. and ( three ) aid foreign visitants when sing Uganda. Vice President James Green wondered whether to go on to use Martin in Uganda for the building stage of the undertaking. In peculiar. Green was concerned about Martin’s life style. some of his concern patterns. and his engagement in Ugandan tribal rites. Green worried that Martin’s patterns were counter to both HG’s corporate civilization and methods of operating elsewhere. that some of his actions bordered on the unethical. and that some might really be illegal under U. S. jurisprudence.

Questions

1. Describe Ugandan cultural properties that might impact the operations of a foreign company runing at that place. Business in Uganda typically moves easy ; nevertheless paying tips to people in progress can rush the procedure. Because unemployment is high and hiring is by and large done through word-of-mouth. contacts typically recommended their relations. who are normally hired. Further. although the bulk of Uganda’s population is Christian. tribal faiths believe that many natural sites ( including that of the proposed dike ) possess religious qualities and are sacred.

1. Would you depict Green’s and Martin’s attitudes as being ethnocentric. polycentric or geocentric? What factors do you believe influenced their attitudes? HG’s corporate doctrine embraces the thought that although layman. HG’s concern activities should incarnate strong Christian values. Further. subsidiaries should be given full duty in doing and implementing determinations. but they should besides be held accountable for their consequences. By taking to populate in a middle-class Ugandan vicinity while eschewing the exile community. by paying excess for service. by engaging recommended relations. and by paying fees and take parting in tribal ceremonials. Martin exhibited a more polycentric ( independent ) attitude. while Green seemed to be more geocentric in his attack. While Martin was more concerned about his effectivity with regard to his assignment in Uganda. Green was more concerned with corporate-level issues.

3. Who was right. Green or Martin. about the controversial actions Martin took in the Ugandan operations? What might hold been the consequence if he had non taken those actions? Arguments can be made for the places of both Green and Martin. Certainly Martin had achieved the coveted consequences in a timely manner. However. Martin’s rejection of the typical exile life style ran counter to Green’s thought of a desirable corporate image ; Green farther felt that this might make assimilation jobs for future HG exiles assigned to the undertaking. Tiping for services could easy hold led to the outlook of progressively larger payments as the undertaking progressed. ( Note the traffics with the official caretaker of the sacred site. who was willing to pacify the liquors for progressively higher fees. ) Further. Martin’s engagement in the tribal rite could hold been construed as a jeer of tribal imposts and besides have been seen as an insult by Uganda’s Christian bulk. Finally. the close connexion between HG’s local Ugandan employees and authorities functionaries represented an invitation to corruptness. Nonetheless. had Martin chosen to disregard local imposts. the undertaking could easy hold fallen behind agenda at any point.

4. In HG’s following stage. the dam building. should it use person whose chief map is to be a affair between HG’s corporate civilization and the civilization of Uganda? If so. should Martin be the individual for the occupation? Given the importance and the size of the undertaking. every bit good as the many booby traps that will certainly be encountered along the manner. it seems merely logical to use person who is highly good versed in the civilization of Uganda to function as a affair with HG’s central offices. Whether that individual is Martin or person else. nevertheless. HG must set up clear guidelines that reflect both U. S. jurisprudence and corporate policy to steer the directors of their foreign operations. WEB CONNECTION

Teaching Tip: Visit World Wide Web. prenhall. com/daniels for extra information and links associating to the subjects presented in Chapter Two. Be certain to mention your pupils to the online survey guide. every bit good as the Internet exercisings for Chapter Two. _________________________

Chapter Terminology:
civilization. p. 49
cultural imperialism. p. 53
creolization. p. 53
indigenization. p. 53
ascribed group ranks. p. 58
acquired group ranks. p. 58
hierarchy of demands. p. 62
power distance. p. 63
individuality. p. 64
Bolshevism. p. 64
low-context civilizations. p. 66
high-context civilizations. p. 66
monochronic. p. 66
polychronic. p. 66
idealism. p. 66
pragmatism. p. 66
soundless linguistic communication. p. 68
kinesics. p. 69
cultural distance. p. 71
civilization daze. p. 72
rearward civilization daze. p. 72
polycentrism. p. 72
ethnocentrism. p. 74
geocentrism. p. 7
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Extra Exercises: Cultural Challenges

Exercise 2. 1. Ask pupils to sketch the grounds why the assorted elements of civilization ( societal constructions and control systems. linguistic communication and aesthetics. faith and other belief systems. educational systems. etc. ) might increase the cost of making concern in a state. Be certain that the pupils illustrate their thoughts with concrete illustrations of both cultural elements and specific states.

Exercise 2. 2. Choose two to five states that are culturally diverse. Ask pupils to compare the civilizations of those states and to discourse the ways in which cultural differences will impact the cost of making concern in each. Reason the treatment by analyzing the ways in which concern patterns and moralss vary across the civilizations.

Exercise 2. 3 In many states faith has a dramatic consequence on people’s attitudes. imposts. and behaviour. Lead pupils in a comparative treatment of the possible effects of the basic beliefs of the world’s major faiths upon international concern chances and operations.

Exercise 2. 4. Popular civilization can act upon the development of planetary penchants in a figure of ways. Lead pupils in a treatment of the ways in which films can impact the cultural dimensions of a society. ( Choice peculiar films. examine assorted values embedded in them. and discourse the nature of their impact upon the life styles of people around the world. )