Judaic History Essay, Research Paper
Judaic History ( 1 )
All this happensduring the clip of Beit Hamikdash II when Bnei Yisrael was together, anation in their ain land.
A few day of the months:
-Assyria ( Ashure ) came in 719 B.C.E.
-Babylonia ( Bavel ) came in 586 B.C.E.
-Beit Hamikdash IIwas built in 516 B.C.E.
Alexander theGreat ( Alexander Mokdan-Macedonia ) captured Eretz Yisrael in 332 B.C.E. He captured everythingfrom the Middle East through India. He introduced Hellenic civilization into the land ( Paganism, importance of the organic structure, Grecian literature, Philosophy ) .The importance of the organic structure was the most of import thing in Hellenism- sportswere a spiritual thing.
Polis- ( metropolis province ) a Grecian metropolis with Greekcitizens ( conquered by Alexander ) and particular people dwell at that place.
They built secondary schools, ephebeums ( schools where they learned about athleticss and theirbodies ) .
The Greeks lovedmoney and concern. We know this because of the Zenon Papyrii. Zenon wasthe agent to the Grecian financial officer. He wrote letters to person and they foundseveral thousand of those letters. In them he merely spoke of money and business-not of civilization and faith.
Alexander & # 8217 ; s Meeting With the Hebrews:
The beginnings are Josephus and the Talmud ( Yoma and Taanit )
There are plenty ofcontradictions in the narratives of Josephus and the Talmud. Tcherikowerdidn T believe the narrative was right harmonizing to Josephus.
His jobs:
A. Talmud
1.At the clip Shimonthe Tzaddik was the Cohen Gadol
2.It says they metin Antipatrus
Joseph ben matthiass:
1.At the clip Yaduahwas the Cohen Gadol
2.It says they metin Yerushalaim
B.If he did travel toYerushalaim, so that would be manner out of the manner of where he was coming formand where he had to travel. He had to make this Al in 7 yearss, which did non give himenough clip to travel to Yerushalaim, which was out of his manner.
C.Tcherikower was asecular philosopher so he says that if the Jews showed Alexander Sefer Danielit couldn T be possible because that was written subsequently than the clip he came.
D.Also Josephussays that the Chaldeans ( Casdim ) came with Alexander but at the timethat he came he had non yet captured Bavel where the Chaldeans lived.
E.Another problemis that Alexander s run intoing with the Jews is non mentioned in the narratives ofthe Greeks Historians.
So Tcherikowercomes to a few decisions:
1.Alexanderdefinitely did run into with the Hebrews
2.Alexanderdefinitely did give the Jews the right to populate harmonizing to the Torahs of theirfathers
3.There was adebate between the Shomranim. [ The Shomranim were Jews who had theirMikdash on Har Gerizim and it says in the Talmud, Taanit, that youcannot fast on that Yom Har Gerizim. ]
The DiadochiPeriod 323- 301 B.C.E.
In 323 B.C.E.Alexander died. The Diadoci were those who wanted to govern after Alexander sdeath:
Ptolemy ( Talmai ) – United arab republic
Seleucid ( Selekus ) – Syria
[ Antigonus- Greece-but non that of import ]
Ptolemy andSeleucid fought over Eretz Yisrael- it was a really helter-skelter period in Jewishhistory.
The Ptolemaic Rule over Eretz Yisrael
301 B.C.E.- PtolemyI captured Eretz Yisrael
Beginnings:
Hecataeus says that there were good dealingss betweenthe Jews and Ptolemy
Agatharchides says that there were bad dealingss betweenthem
Answer- some Jewsliked Ptolemy and some Jews liked Seleucid, so both beginnings could be right. ( Weknow that the Jews guarding the gate in Yerushalaim supported Seleucid. )
So there were twobig households:
The Oniadfamily ( Choniah ) – they were the Cohanim Gedolim- ( prostasia- thespiritual and political leading privilege given to the Cohen Gadol )
The Tobiadfamily ( Tuviah )
Choniah did notlike Ptolemy because he made the revenue enhancements excessively high, and he refused to pay them.Someone from the Tuviah household, Yosef ben Tuviah, said to Ptolemy Ifyou give me the prostasia, I will acquire Choniah to pay you revenue enhancements. Ptolemy saidOK.
In 205 B.C.E.Ptolemy IV died and the following in line was excessively immature to govern so the Seleucidfamily comes to govern.
The SeleucidRule over Eretz Yisrael-198 B.C.E.
When the Seleucidfamily came into power and wanted to get down a new calendar to tag thisoccasion. The Jews used this calendar for a long clip and it was called MinyanShetarot. They gave the Jews the privalege to populate harmonizing to the Torahs oftheir male parents.
Harmonizing to thatcalendar 312 B.C.E.= 0 in the Minyan Shetarot
Septuagint- Targum Shivim
Beginnings:
Gemarah
Aristeas- theletter of Aristeas
They both say that70 seniors came together to interpret the Torah from Hebrew to Greek. Why? Ptolemy II had a library and had every book in the universe in it and besides wantedHebrew books to add to the aggregation so the Torah was translated. Our Rabbis saythat the twenty-four hours that the translated the Torah was like the twenty-four hours that Bnei Yisraelsinned with the Golden Calf, because the holy Torah is being translated into anunholy linguistic communication. However, this was good for the Jews in Alexandria who werebeginning to absorb and were burying Hebrew.
Secular Books- non from Tanach and were written duringthe clip of Bayit II
These were the Apocrypha, books that were purportedly prognostications yet were non written in Ruach Hakodesh.
Their content:
History- Macabees Aand B, The Letter of Aristeas
Mussar- Ben Sirah
Halachot- Yovel ( Jubilees )
Prophecies for thefuture which was the apocalypse- an ugly, bloody and violent terminal to theworld- Revelations.
In the Genizah inthe loft in an old Shul in Cairo they found many of import things. One of themwas a Mussar book called Ben Sirah- this is the lone book mentioned inthe Gemarah, and they found it in the original Hebrew.
Pseudopigrepha- were secular books purportedly written byfamous Prophetss or rulers- but they were truly written by anon. phonypeople. Our Rabbis knew the truth and knew they were hypocrite. Some of the secularbooks were put in the Christian Bible- New Testament.
Gerousia & # 8211 ; advocate of elderswho were at that place to recognize Antiochus III when he came.
The Hasmonaeans- The Story of Chanukah ( 2 )
So we ended offlast clip stating that Antiochus III was a good male monarch for the Jews and helpedthem build up Yerushalaim. ( The Gerousia, the advocate of seniors, greetedAntiochus III when he came to Yerushalaim, demoing that they liked him ) .
A. So now AntiochusIV comes along and he is atrocious ( he s the Antiochus from Chanukah ) – Why didhe edict such bad things against the Jews? ( We ll happen out subsequently what thereasons were )
At the clip therewere different political parties in the state:
1 ) The Bnei- Choniah household ( Oniads ) – they werethe traditional Jews and the Cohanim Gedolim of the state.
2 ) The Bnei- Tuviah household ( Tobiads ) – they weremoderate Hellenisers.
3 ) The 3 Brothers ( Gimmel Achim ) – Simon, Lysimachus, and Menelaeus. They were extremist Hellenisers and were really evil.
B. The Beginnings:
1. The Gemarah
2. Macabees A and B ( Apocrypha )
Weprefer to travel harmonizing to Macabees A. Why?
a. A is a existent beginning by person who livedduring the clip, while B is merely a sum-up of what Jason of Cyrene said
B. A is in Hebrew, while B is in Grecian
c. A is orderly and orderly, while B is confusingand assorted around
d. A includes more information while B onlydiscusses Yehudah the Macabee
3. Josephus- Jewwho lived during the clip of Beit Hamikdash II- and after the devastation, wascaptured and taken to Rome
His plants included:
Antiquities- The narrative of the Jews fromthe creative activity of the universe until the yearss of Josephus
Contra Apion- Apion was a Greekanti-Semite so this work was against him
Bellum Iudoreum- The war of the Jews-goes into atrocious item about the agony of the Jews during the timeof the devastation of Bayit II
Vitae- Josephus autobiographySo back to thestory:
Jason, the brotherof Choniah ( NO connexion to the 1 in Macabees B ) wanted to be the CohenGadol and wanted to present Hellenic civilization into Yerushalaim. He tellsSeleucid that if he gets the prostasia, he will give Seleucid money. Now whywould Seleucid want money from a puny small Jew? Because this money goes tohis military so he needs it. This narrative shows how much the Jews, unluckily, hated each other back so and shows how the non- Jews mixed in with stateaffairs and spiritual personal businesss. Jason built a secondary school and an ephebium inYerushalaim and made the metropolis a Polis called Antioch ( Antioch is besides acity in Syria ) . Though the Jews weren T thrilled, they stayed put because Jasonlet them pattern their faith.
Now Simon ( one ofthe 3 brothers ) told Seleucid that there are hoarded wealths in the Beit Hamikdash soSeleucid sent Heliodorus to take those treasures- non good.
Now Menelaeus wentto Antiochus and said he d give him more money than Jason for the prostasia, and in order to pay the male monarch that money, he took out cherished hoarded wealths fromthe Beit Hamikdash. He puts statues all over Yerushalaim. Another thing: He snot from the right household of Cohanim Gedolim.
He arranged thedeath of Choniah, the Cohen Gadol. So the Jews are truly huffy at him but theycan T merely kick him out because so Antiochus would be upset that they kickedout the cat he chose.
A rumour spread tothe Jews of Yerushalaim that Antiochus was killed so they kicked Menalaeus out.Jason wanted to be leader now, but the Jews chased him out. Antiochus was notdead and he comes back from war and he s truly upset at the Jews. The twelvemonth is168 B.C.E. and he builds an Akra ( tower ) in Yerushalaim and puts Katoikia ( soldiers ) to watch over the Jews ( Apolonius was the head military cat who wasin charge of constructing the Akra ) . These soldiers were atrocious to the Jews somany of them ran off.
The first people torebel were the Chasidim, against the Greeks ( Menelaeus ) , but they weren tsuccessful because they didn t battle on Shabbat, didn Ts have good schemes, and merely fought for spiritual independency.
In 168- 167 B.C.E.Antiochus started decreeing atrocious things against the Jews and Judaism- theycouldn T:
Make Brit Mila
Make forfeits ( Korbanot ) to Hashem, and were forced to utilize the alter ( Mizbeach ) for graven image worshipping andpaganism
Keep Shabbat
Keep Kashrut
Keep vacations ( Chagim ) In Modiin livedMattityahu ( boy of a Cohen ) and he was willing to kill anybody that practicedpaganism. He had 5 boies: Yehudah the Macabee ( the most celebrated ) , Yochanan, Yonatan, Eliezer, and Simon. Yehudah was the leader of the rebellion.
In the Talmud, ofcourse, there & # 8217 ; s the narrative of Chanah and her 7 boies.
Another narrative: Yehudit- she went to the caput military cat Heliphornus, got him imbibe, choppedoff his caput, and brought it out to demo all.
Now why did theHasmonaeans win?
They fought on Shabbat, which theChasidim didn T do
They used guerilla warfare and hadgood schemes, which the Chasidim didn T have
They fought for both spiritual ANDpolitical grounds, while the Chasidim merely fought for spiritual. Besides note that theJewish Hellenisers fought for the Greeks.
Another BigQuestion- WHY did Antiochus give the edicts? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Polybius ( a historiographer during Greektimes ) – He says that Antiochus was a Meshugenah, he was balmy andirrational
Tcherikower- He says he made thedecrees for political grounds. He says foremost the Jews revolted and so hegave the edicts because he wanted to beef up his imperium and show Romehe has power. In order to make this he must hold RELIGIOUS UNITY in hisempire. Hence the ground he tried to coerce the Jews to halt being Jewish.It wasn T against the Jews specifically ; instead it was for his ownpolitical grounds.
Bickerman ( a Jewish Historian ) – He saysthat the Judaic Hellenists went to Antiochus and asked them to set thedecrees on the Jews. ( He says, beliing Tcherikower, that the decreeswere given foremost and so they revolted. )
Bickerman besides says that he made thedecrees because he loved Hellanistic civilization and wanted to distribute it andwanted everyone to be a portion of it- even the Jews.
The Chain ofEvents of the Revolt:
First, Yehudah the Macabee ( with theChasidim ) fought against Apolonius
Seron was sent by Antiochus. AfterYehudah killed Apolonius and Seron, many more Hebrews came to contend in thewar
Two head military cats were sent byAntiochus- Nicanor and Gorgias- they ran off from the Jews like cowards
Lysias was sent following. Yehudah wonagainst him but sometime during this Eliezer the Macabee diedYehudah capturedall of Yerushalaim except for the Akra. And they took out all of the graven images andpurified the Mikdash and the whole narrative of Chanukah happened. However, thereare still soldiers in the Akra. In 164 B.C.E. Lysias placed a besieging aroundYerushalaim, so the Judaic triumph wasn T so winning. Antiochus IV died andAntiochus V is excessively immature to take over as swayer of the Seleucid household so hewent back to Syria.
As of now theChasidim accomplished what they wanted to in the war- spiritual independence.The Hasmonaeans, nevertheless, weren t done yet and they wanted to penalize their enemiesand there was a dispute- whether to go on contending or to halt now.
Another problemwas- who s traveling to be the Cohen Gadol?
The Chasidim wanted Alcimus to be CohenGadol but the Hasmonaeans didn Ts want him Lysias now wants tomake peace with the Jews. Since he wants to be king he doesn Ts have clip tofight with the Jews. He sends couriers to the Jews stating them that underhis regulation they live harmonizing to the Torahs of their male parents, and they can worshipfreely in Beit Hamikdash. He commands Menelaeus ( whom the Jews hatred ) to bekilled. The Chasidim liked this but the Hasmonaeans didn T because they wantedpolitical independency every bit good.
Demetrius and Lysias battle for thecrown and Demetrius wins- so now he is the new male monarch of Syria. Demetriussends Nicanor to contend and Yehudah putting to deaths Nicanor. He killed him on 13Adar- so in Megilat Taanit it says you can t fast because it s YomNicanor ( 13 Adar is Taanit Esther ) Yehudah wants tomake peace with the Romans stating that if enemies come against Rome, the Jewswill aid and frailty versa. ( This is a bad thing and because finally theRomans want to capture Eretz Yisrael.
In 161 B.C.E. Bachides comes from Syriaand putting to deaths Yehudah. So now Yonatan is the new leader. Yonatan gaining controls thenon- Jews on the seashore of Eretz Yisrael and either putting to deaths them or forcesthem to change over. This is a agency of retaliation against them because theyhelped Syria. In Syria there is acivil war traveling on between Demetrius and Alexander Balas. Both sent messengersto Yonatan for his aid. Yonatan chose Alexander Balas and in the terminal Alexanderwon. Alexander, nevertheless, was really evil and tricked Yonatan into coming to avictory party- and he killed Yonatan at that place.
In 140 B.C.E. Simoncame into power. He was the most successful of all the brothers: he capturedalmost all of Eretz Yisrael and the Akra. A assemblage of Rabbis appointed Simonto be president and Cohen Gadol. Signs of independency came from Simon s time.They found coins in Eretz Yisrael from his clip that said Year 1 to the redemptionof Yerushalaim. /
The Sects in the Time of Beit Hamikdash II ( 3 )
( Sorry about thereally bad transliterations )
A religious order is aminority group amongst the bulk. There were 2 major 1s at this clip:
The Pharisees ( Prushim ) and The Sadducees ( Sdukim )
The beginnings: Talmud, Josephus, Roman Historians, and the Apocrypha
The Pharisees:
Believed in Torah Shebichtav and TorahShe Baal Peh ( written and unwritten ) B. What s the significance of Prushim?
– Perush- significance theywrote the Perushim on the Torah
– Liter Hafreesh- agencies toseparate, intending they separated themselves form the remainder of the state to makesure non to go impure
They were the leaders of the state
Believed in the resurgence of the dead ( Techiat Hametim )
Believed in wages and penalty inthe universe to come ( Olam Habah )
Believed in Divine Intervention ( Hashgachat Pratit ) The Sadducees:
They merely believed in Torah Shebichtav ( written ) and read the Torah literally
They were the Aristocrats
Believed to hold come from SadokHaCohen ( I think )
Didn T believe in the resurgence of thedead
Didn T believe in wages and punishmentin the universe to come
Didn T believe in Divine InterventionThere was alsoanother sect called the Essenes:
Beginnings for them: Josephus, Pliny the Elder, Philo from Alexandria ( He was a Judaic Philosopherwho wanted to do a merger between doctrine and Judaism. )
What is the meaningof Essenes? ( You have to see the words in Hebrew in order to understand )
– One interpretationsays it comes from a word in Hebrew intending hidden, and they were a hiddengroup
– Another explanationis a word in Hebrew that means healers- they were faith therapists
The Essenes wereclose to the Prushim in their beliefs merely they didn t believe in BechirahChofshit ( that you can take what you want to make in life ) .
The Essenes:
The Essenes lived in the desert, andKumran ( where the Dead Sea Sect lived ) is in the desert
Wore white apparels and believed inpurification and traveling into the Mikvah
They believed in shared property- noprivate belongings ( like an early Kibbutz )
Believed in celibacy ( where they didn tget married )
Didn Ts have any pleasances from thisworld
They didn t believe in the sanctity ofthe Beit Hamikdash and didn T accept authorization of the Cohanim inYerushalaim.With the Dead SeaScrolls they found the full Tanach ( except Megilat Esther ) and some of thesects ain Megilot, which described a bloody terminal of days- they were anApocalyptic Group.
EssentialSocioeconomic differences Between the Sects ( harmonizing to Josephus ) :
The Pharisees werepoor, husbandmans and lived in small small towns ( non many in metropoliss ) .
The Sadducees wererich, blue bloods, lived in the metropolis, and were Cohanim.
The Essenes livedin the desert ( 5,000 people ) , were a closed off group ( from everyone else ) , started their ain calendar, and they didn Ts have slaves.
Politicaldifferences Between the Sects:
The Phariseesemphasized faith above everything ( including political relations ) .
The Sadducees werevery involved in political relations, were obsessed with power, and believed the mostimportant thing were the province and the Mikdash ( Temple ) .
The Essenesrejected all authorization of Yerushalaim, the centre, and believed it was corrupt.They had no portion in political life at the clip.
Our large inquiry:
Was the Dead SeaSect the Essenes? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
A small history: The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947 in Kumran, by a Bedouin shepherd whowent to look for his caprine animal. Near that country they besides found a whole civilizationand several Mikvahs.
Most historiansidentify the Dead Sea Sect with the Essenes.
Proofs:
1. The topographic point: both lived in the desert
2. Their manner of life, beliefs are the same: they didn t marry, had shared belongings, wore white apparels, were ascetic ( jilted physical things )
3. The clip: 140 B.C.E.- 70 C.E. ( the Essenesdisappeared in 70 C.E. after the devastation of the Beit Hamikdash II ) .
The Dead SeaScrolls:
The Content: Itmentions a war between the Sons of Light ( Bnei Ha Or- who were the members ofthe sect ) and the Sons of Darkness ( Bnei Ha Choshech- who were everybody else ) .It says ( in a thing called the Habakkuk Document ) that the leader of the Sonsof Light was righteous leader, while the leader of the Sons of Darkness wasCohen Harasha- the immorality Cohen ( The historiographer Vermes said that the Cohen Harashawas Yonatan the Hasmonaean ) .
There is a littlecontradiction between two paperss: The Manual of Discipline ( the regulations thesect had to stay by which says that they couldn t marry and there was noprivate belongings ) and the Damascus Document ( which said that there was privateproperty and they could get married ) . Josephus solves this by stating that there weresimply different groups of the Essenes.
Other historianshave different sentiments on who the Dead Sea Sect were:
They were Sdukim because it mentionsthe words Bnei Sadok ( Sons of Sadok ) in the Dead Sea Scrolls
They were Prushim because theyseparated themselves from the remainder of the state
They were non- Jews.The Origin ofthe Sects: Where did thewhole Prushi/Sduki thing semen from?
Started in the clip of Beit Hamikdash Iwhen Shlomo was king- at that place was on statement between Sadok the Cohen Gadol ( Sdukim ) and Evyatar ( Prushim )
Started besides in the clip of Bayit I-there was an statement between the Cohanim ( Sdukim ) and the Prophets ( Prushim )
Harmonizing to Mantel it started at thetime of Ezra and Nechemia- there was and statement between several groupsof Jews- the Cohanim ( Sdukim ) and the Shomranim ( Prushim ) . How does Mantelprove this ( that the Prushim started during that clip ) ?
He says that theJews that returned to Eretz Yisrael from Babylonia were called Bnei Hagolah andthey were the Prushim- their leaders were Ezra and Nechemia.
( A side note: thePrushim were besides called Sofrim, Chaverim, and some call them Chasidim. )
The whole Oral Torah thing started atthat clip
The fact that they started reading theTorah non literally any longer
The Prushim had a more universalisticview towards humans- all were equal and ready to larn Torah- even theignorant people
The smart large Rabbi were the leadersof the nation- the Prushim
The Torah was non merely commanded forthe Beit Hamikdash- while the Sdukim believed the whole Hebraism was theBeit Hamikdash
The Prushim worked for the good of thecommunityAlso the Essenesstarted their ain calendar and the Prushim didn T like that.
THERE IS NO REVIEW # 4 YOU ARE ON YOUR OWN WITH THAT TOPIC
Herod and Rome ( 5 )
Antipater was the adviser to Horkenus ( he was anEdomite ) .
Herod was Antipater & # 8217 ; s boy. Herod was first agovernor in the Galilee.
His occupation, for Rome, in the Galilee was to watch overthe Zealots ( transliterated- Kanaim they were Jews that wanted to throw outRome from Eretz Yisrael and do the state a Judaic State. The caput of theZealots at that clip was Chezkiah ) . Herod & # 8217 ; s was to do certain the Zealots didn & # 8217 ; t arise against Rome.
He killed many Zealots therefore the Jews did notlike him at all. Herod captured 30 Zealots and their leader, Chezkiah, andkilled them without a test. The state was outraged. An proclamation was madesaying that Herod must come before the Sanhedrin.
He came to the tribunal with a batch of ammo andsoldiers to demo the Sanhedrin that he was strong and to frighten them. He didscare them and they didn & # 8217 ; t sentence him.
The president ( Nasi ) at the clip was either Shamaior Shmayah. He called out to the work forces in the Sanhedrin: & # 8220 ; If you don & # 8217 ; t judgeHerod today so there will come a twenty-four hours when he will judge you! & # 8221 ; This wasalmost like prognostication because in the terminal that & # 8217 ; s what so happened. Herod wasscared that the Sanhedrin would listen to the president so he took his soldiersand ran off to Rome. He told Marc Anthony ( the Caesar at the clip ) how hefought against the terrorists in Eretz Yisrael who hate Rome ( the Zealots ) . Hisintention was to be male monarch of the Jews in Israel. Anthony appointed him king.Herod tried hard to maintain the Romans happy with him but he knew the Jews didn & # 8217 ; tlike him so he married a Judaic adult female from the Hasmonaean household, Mariamne ( Miriam ) believing that now the Jews will accept him. Herod besides does somethingvery dramatic to happen favour in the Jews & # 8217 ; eyes:
During his reign, the Seleucid household ( Selekus ) wasin problem. The Parthians ( Pratim ) came and captured the household and portion ofEretz Yisrael. They besides seized the Cohen Gadol, Horkenus, whom the Jews loved.Herod sees this as a great chance to better his image with the Jews. Hetakes his soldiers and kicks out the Parthians, negotiates a peace pact withthem and gets them to return Horkenus. ( The Parthians, nevertheless, had chopped offone of Horkenus & # 8217 ; ears therefore giving him a Moom ( defect ) so he can & # 8217 ; t be theCohen Gadol anymore ) . Marc Anthony gave permission to Herod to contend with theParthians. Why does Marc Anthony attention if Horkenus comes back or non? Because ifthe Jews didn & # 8217 ; Ts have Horkenus they would be upset and they would desire to rebelagainst Rome with the Parthians. ( The Parthians are enemies of Rome. )
& # 8220 ; Herod the Bad & # 8221 ; ( 37- 4 B.C.E )
The Jews called him & # 8220 ; Ha & # 8217 ; Eved Ha & # 8217 ; Edomi & # 8221 ; -the Edomite slave.
What bad things did he make?
1 ) He made alterations in the Cohen Gadol- Herod wasscared the Jews would lodge with the Cohen Gadol, and non him, if he picked aHasmonaean to be Cohen Gadol. So he picked a Jew from Babylon alternatively to be theCohen Gadol- Chananel Me & # 8217 ; Bavel. He weakened the Kehunah. The people are reallyupset that he picked Chananel. ( Horkenus, the former Cohen Hagadol, had adaughter, Alexandra, and she had 2 children- Mariamne ( Miriam ) andAristobolus. ) Herod picked Aristobolus. But Herod was really paranoid and wasafraid of Aristobolus and his power so he commanded him to a pool party in oneof his castles in Yericho. He commanded his soldiers to submerge Aristobolus inthe pool, which they did. Herod tried to cover the decease up so that he wouldseem guiltless but the Jews knew the truth and knew that Herod did so killAristobolus. So Herod put Chananel back as the Cohen Gadol. Herod told MarcAnthony that the ground Aristobolus was killed was because he rebelled againstthe male monarch.
2 ) He brought alterations into the Sanhedrin
– He killed all members of the Sanhedrin he didn & # 8217 ; tlike
– He put his friends and his household in theSanhedrin ( nepotism )
– He put non-Jews in the Sanhedrin
– He out himself as the caput of the Sanhedrin
3 ) He was a really paranoid adult male and was scaredeveryone hated him- even his household. Because of that he killed Horkenus, Miriam, Alexandra ( his mother-in-law ) , his boies with Miriam ( Hasmonaeans ) , andhe killed all the Hasmonaeans left. With these violent deaths is the terminal of theHasmonaeans
3 ) When he died he wanted people to mourn hisdeath. To do certain they would, he ordered that Judaic leaders be killed on theday he died so that the state will decidedly mourn and no 1 will observe
4 ) His ground forces was a non-Jewish ground forces because he didn & # 8217 ; tlike to pass clip with the Hebrews
5 ) He locked up his married woman in the castle on Masada.
Herod the Great
1 ) Herod beautified and enlarged the Beit Hamikdash.There is a expression: If you & # 8217 ; ve ne’er seen a edifice of Herod & # 8217 ; s, so you & # 8217 ; venever seen a beautiful edifice. On the gate of the Beit Hamikdash he put agolden eagle- an bird of Jove was the symbol of Rome.
2 ) He built his castle on Masada. The Hasmonaeanshad already built up Masada and Herod built a castle on it.
3 ) He built Caesarea in award of the Caesar.
*Note that he built all this material for the Romansand non for the Jews.
4 ) He helped the Jews after an temblor. He gavethem money to assist reconstruct places, purchase vesture and nutrient, etc.
5 ) He helped Jews non populating in Eretz Yisrael-those life in Babylon, Syria, Asia Minor.
6 ) He had good dealingss with the Pharisees ( Prushim ) who were the bulk of the Jews and the leaders of the Jews. He wasvery paranoiac and didn & # 8217 ; t want any enemies. ( the President at the clip wasShmayah, and the Av Beit Din was Avtaliyon ) .
7 ) He ne’er decreed anything bad against the Jewsand allow them populate harmonizing to the Torahs of their male parents.
The Prushim understood that he was directlyconnected to Rome and they were really cautious. They knew arising against himwould average arising against Rome and they would all decease in that instance ( becauseRome is so strong and powerful ) .
8 ) Cleopatra, queen of Egypt was Anthony & # 8217 ; sgirlfriend but she was besides Herod & # 8217 ; s greatest enemy. She was a Femme Fatale. Shewanted to return the power to the Ptolemy household ( Talmai ) . Before we said theHerod was in favour of the Seleucid household. She wanted Marc Anthony to give herland in Eretz Yisrael. Later on Augustus Octavius killed Marc Anthony andbecame Caesar. Herod liked Augustus. Augustus & # 8217 ; nephew, Agrippa, was goodfriends with Herod.
So Octavius gave back land in Eretz Yisrael thatCleopatra took from Rome in the times of Marc Anthony.
Herod had tonss of connexions. One was Agrippa whowas a & # 8220 ; friend of Rome. & # 8221 ; His adviser was Nicholaus of Damascus.
Octavius saw how bad Herod truly was and said thatit was better to be a Canis familiaris in Herod & # 8217 ; s castle than to be Herod & # 8217 ; s boy. One thingOctavius was non happy about was the fact that Herod went to war with Romewithout permission from Rome ( and Octavius ) .
Herod reigned from 37 B.C.E & # 8211 ; 4 B.C.E.
Before he died he chose his boies Archelaus, HerodAntipas, and Phillip to govern after him. He wanted Archelaus to be king. TheRoman Senate, nevertheless, chose him as merely an ethnarch ( a sort of governor ) screening that the existent power is in the custodies of Rome.
Bythe twelvemonth 6 C.E. his boies are done opinion. Rome picked proxies ( non-JewishRoman governors ) to be leaders. They were barbarous ad decreed atrocious decreesagainst the Jews.
Jesus and Christianity ( 6 )
The Beginnings:
Antiquities, by Josephus- InAntiquities it merely mentions a little paragraph on Jesus and calls him TheMessiah of the Jews. Historians say it s a counterfeit written by Eusibius ( amonk in the fifth century ) who put it in because he wanted toprove to the Jews that he was truly the Messiah and that they believedit. Historians ( in specific, Zeitlin ) know it s a counterfeit because inEusibius book on Jesus there is a paragraph strikingly similar to the onein Antiquities, so they ve come to a decision that Eusibius stuck inthat paragraph in Antiquities.
The New Testament- there are 4 gospelsthat talk about Jesus and his life: John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Mark, Matthew, and Luke are the Synoptic Gospels whoagree on most of their facts.
Howeverbetween the Gospels there s a immense contradiction on where Jesus was born, whatyear, and what he called himself.
Another immense job is that we don Ts have anyprimary beginnings from Jesus clip. Not merely did the Gospels live about 60 yearsafter his decease, but besides they wrote what they believed- non facts.
c. The Talmud and Midrashim- In them it mentions a few sentencesand narratives about Jesus. But the Talmud was compiled in about 200 old ages afterJesus decease in 34 C.E.- so it s non truly accurate. In the Talmud they wrotesome truly awful things about Jesus but it had to be censored so theChristians could accept the Talmud.
When was Jesus born?
a. Harmonizing to Matthew he was born in the yearss of Herod- 37- 4B.C.E.- that means he would hold to hold been born at least 4 old ages before whenhe is said to hold been born.
B. Harmonizing to John he was born in the yearss of the procurators-6 C.E.- which means he would hold to hold been born 6 old ages after he is said tohave been born.
Where was Jesus born?
a. Matthew and Luke say he was born in Bethlehem because it saysin the Torah the Messiah will come signifier Bethlehem, and they believed Jesus wasthe Messiah.
B. Mark says he was born in Nazareth and John says he was born inthe Galil- but there s no contradiction here because Nazareth is in the Galil.
Problem: If Jesus had nofather ( G-d was his male parent ) so how can he be from a human family- Beit David? The Christians say that Mary and G-d immaculately conceived him.
Who was Jesus male parent?
a. Mary was his female parent and she was engaged to Joseph theCarpenter- significance she had a babe out of marriage
B. Harmonizing to the Talmud Jesus is a Mamzer- he was the boy of aRoman soldier Mary slept with
Harmonizing to the NewTestament Jesus was born in a barn with 3 wise work forces who came bearing gifts forthe marvelous christ.
One cardinal belief inChristianity: Mary was the married woman of G-d- if they don t believe that so Marywas merely an unwed female parent.
Another thing is thatChristians use our Bible to seek to turn out their beliefs of Jesus- one illustration isthe misunderstanding of the Hebrew in Isaiah 53.
Jesus Life
When Jesus was immature he wasa folk therapist and went to the hapless, the hungry, and the lazars and healed them.
Once he encountered John theBaptist- Yonatan HaMatbil ( who was a sermonizer that went around stating peopleto repent ) . His name- He was a member of the Essenes because they were large onbaptizing ( the Mikvah ) . Jesus had Essene inclinations. So when they met, Jesusbowed down to John and said he was holy and John answered, No, you, Jesus, areholier than I am.
The nazarene was:
a. A therapist of the sick
B. A sermonizer ( gave discourses ) – His most celebrated discourse was called Sermon on the Mount in which he told Jews to atone because the Kingdom ofHeaven is at manus.
c. A miracle worker: 1 ) He walked on H2O, 2 ) He performed amiracle by feeding 100s of people with 2 loaves of staff of life and 2 fish.
Jesus found followings andlisteners among the hapless and suffering- most Jews laughed at him and called himcrazy.
He assembl
ed 12 Apostles ( like the 12 Shevatim ) and Peter was the instructor of the 12 Apostles.
Question: Was Jesus a goodJew? – Evergreen state he Shomer Mitzvot?
a. In Matthew it states that Jesus said: I did non come to getrid of the Mitzvot- which implies he kept the Mitzvot
B. [ Possibly in John ] it says that Jesus pupils were in afield on Shabbat and they were cutting down maize chaffs. When a few Prushimcame and screamed at them for non maintaining Shabbat, Jesus defended them- whichmeans he was non maintain the Mitzvot.
Jesus and the Hebrews
In 34 C.E. Jesus ran aroundIsrael stating he was the King of the Jews. This sounded like he was rebellingagainst Rome.
Last Supper:
On Erev Pesach, in front ofthe Beit Hamikdash there would be money modifiers ( Prushim ) for people to givemoney in Shekalim to the Mikdash. The nazarene came up to them and turned over theirtables and called them corrupt and said they merely cared about money.
Judas Iscariot turned Jesusinto Rome.
Here s where there arecontradictions:
a. Harmonizing to John- Judas turned Jesus in because Satan enteredhis bosom and caused him to make evil. Harmonizing to Synoptic Gospels- Judasturned Jesus in for money ( Ag ) = payoff.
B. Harmonizing to John- Jesus was captured on Erev Pesach- 14Nissan- which means Jesus was the Korban ( forfeit ) and accepted upon himselfthe wickednesss of humanity ( because Korbanot were given on Erev Pesach ) . Harmonizing toSynoptic Gospels- Jesus was captured on the dark of Pesach which means Jesuswas the Jesus and the Jesus.
c. Harmonizing to John- He committed a political offense because hewas jeopardizing an full Judaic people. Harmonizing to the Synoptic Gospels- Heis a blasphemer and curses G-d.
Harmonizing to the NewTestament the Romans captured Jesus and he had 2 tribunal tests: First theybrought him in forepart of Caiphas, and 2nd in forepart of Pontius Pilate ( theprocurator at the clip ) who condemned him to decease.
But, it says in the NewTestament that on the same twenty-four hours they captured a robber, Barrabas. Pontius gavethe Jews a pick and said, I ll give you Jews permission to liberate one captiveand kill the other ( either Barbarras or Jesus ) . And the Jews chose to killJesus. This makes no sense nevertheless. Pontius purportedly said, The blood ofJesus is in your custodies, Jews, but he wouldn Ts say that because Jesus wasalready condemned to decease by ROME, intending this was a fancied expression.
The whole narrative of his deathis full of holes:
a. It says he died on Pesach- the Sanhedrin would ne’er judgepeople on a vacation!
B. Even if they had mad an exclusion for him- they would nevergive the decease punishment on a vacation!
c. Jesus was crucified- Jews NEVER crucified
d. It says Jesus was captured, judged and buried in Yerushalaim-but cipher is buried in Yerushalaim because it is a holy topographic point
e. Jesus was purportedly killed on a Friday ( Good Friday ) – but ifyou expression on the calendar- Pesach did non fall out on a Friday.
If Jesus hadn t died- therewouldn T be Christianity because he died for other people s wickednesss.
Back to the narrative: Jesus waskilled on a Friday. Three adult females ( who were cured by him ) came on Sunday to prayby his grave. They saw the grave was unfastened and nil was in at that place. Oneexplanation to this is that because Yerushalaim is so holy, the Jews took thebody out of the metropolis and buried it someplace else.
Saul of Tarsus is truly theperson who is responsible for Christianity. He s the 1 that started runningaround stating the narrative of the Resurrection. The Jews didn t listen to him sohe changed his name to Paul. He left Eretz Yisrael to travel convert non- Jews toChristianity. ( After the devastation of the Beit Hamikdash there were Hebrews whoconverted to Christianity. )
In Shmoneh Esreh the Bracha VeLamalshinim is interpreted by some as VeLaminim ( Apikorsim ) – writtenabout those Jews seeking to change over everyone to Christianity.
Christian religion was supposed to be the faith of theJews- but it ne’er took off with them.
The Revolt and Destruction of the Beit Hamikdash ( 7 )
A small timeline:
6 CE & # 64979 ; Theprocurators come in ; Coponius the Caesar forced the Jews to number themselves
14 & # 64979 ; 34 CE & # 64979 ; PontiusPilate is proxy
14 & # 64979 ; 37 CE & # 64979 ; Tiberiusis Caesar
37 & # 64979 ; 41 CE & # 64979 ; GaiusCaligula is Caesar ; there were statements between Egyptians and Jesus & # 64979 ; he sideswith Egyptians ; he wanted to set a statue of himself in Yerushalaim ; he wasvery anti & # 64979 ; Semitic
41 & # 64979 ; 54 CE & # 64979 ; Claudiusis Caesar and he picks Agripas, who s Jewish, to be king from 41 & # 64979 ; 44 CE
44 & # 64979 ; 46 CE & # 64979 ; CaspiasFedas is procurator & # 64979 ; he was atrocious and took away the apparels of the CohenGadol merely to be average to the Hebrews
54 & # 64979 ; 68 CE & # 64979 ; Nero isCaesar ( he was king at the beginning at the rebellion )
64 & # 64979 ; 68 CE & # 64979 ; Florusis proxy & # 64979 ; he was the last one and the worst 1 ( took hoarded wealths form theBeit Hamikdash )
70 CE & # 64979 ; TheDestruction of Beit Hamikdash II
The Results of theRevolt and Destruction:
1. The Burning of the Beit Hamikdash
2. Many Jews killed ( harmonizing to Josephus & # 64979 ; 1million )
3. Galut = Exile & # 64979 ; More Hebrews in Babylon thanEretz Israel
4. They took Jews as captives and made many ofthem slaves & # 64979 ; tortured the leaders of the rebellion & # 64979 ; made them contend against king of beastss, etc.
5. They took hoarded wealths from the Mikdash & # 64979 ; TheArch of Titus celebrates Rome s triumph and depicts a big homecoming paradewith the hoarded wealths of the Mikdash in manus and Jews in ironss
6. For the first clip, the Jews lost every kindof independency
7. Eretz Yisrael no longer physically belongsto the Jews & # 64979 ; it s Roman land
8. Fiscus Iudaicus & # 64979 ; the Romans taxed Jewseverywhere in the Roman universe & # 64979 ; made so pay + Shekel to mortify them andshow them they re non paying the Mikdash instead Rome
Beginnings:
1. Josephus
2. Talmud
3. Tacitus & # 64979 ; he was anti & # 64979 ; Semitic
4. Eusibius & # 64979 ; Roman Historian
5. Yosephun Katan & # 64979 ; a Jew in Italy in the middleages & # 64979 ; wrote a sort of Cliffs Notes of Josephus work, some believe it truly isJosephus work
The Rebellion: ( beganin 66 CE )
The Causes of theRevolt:
1. Immediate Cause & # 64979 ; Florus is proxy, Nero is Caesar. The Goyim in port metropoliss hated the Jews so they rioted againstthem and Florus ne’er stopped them.
Besides, Florus wantedto construct a new cloaca system and to pay for it he took money from the BeitHamikdash. He came to Yerushalaim with soldiers to make so and the Jews ( reallythe Zealots, who were the leaders of the rebellion ) threw stones at them so he ranaway. Florus returned to Syria with his soldiers. Agripas II was the male monarch andhe was popular and loved by the Jews and he made a immense error. He made aspeech to the Jews naming for peace to halt a rebellion and he tells them thatfighting isn T worth it and blah bombast bombast. One thing that was a horriblemistake to state was his bespeaking the Jews to take Florus back & # 64979 ; the Jews hatedFlorus so he shouldn t hold said that. If he wouldn T have said that, they mighthave listened to him but alternatively they started the rebellion.
2. Social Cause & # 64979 ; Corrupt Cohanim, oppressors
3. Economic Causes & # 64979 ;
a. Many hapless people in Yerushalaim, hightaxes & # 64979 ; which the rich ( Aristocrats ) were exempt from
Class battle & # 64979 ; the Zealots burnt moneyreceipts of debts of Jews4. Socio & # 64979 ; economic Cause & # 64979 ; Rich Jews are friendswith the Romans. The leader of the Zealots, Shimon Bar Giyorah freed slavescause he wanted them to assist battle. The Zealots burnt Agripas castle and thereceipts for debt
5. Religious [ and Political ] Cause & # 64979 ; Auerbach & # 64979 ; 10 % of the Roman Empire was Judaic and 20 % of the Middle East was Judaic. Moreand more Romans were change overing to Judaism & # 64979 ; Christianity was non adopted yet, and they found stableness in Judaism because it was ethical and non pervert. TheRomans were afraid that the Jews would take over the universe so they were harshand cruel to the Jews in their regulation of Eretz Yisrael, which lead to the rebellion.
Who s mistake is therevolt? ? ?
1. Josephus & # 64979 ; the Zealots and the proxies & # 64979 ; the proxies provoked the Zealots to revolt ; Problem & # 64979 ; the proxies dideverything under the order of Rome & # 64979 ; so why isn T Rome blamed? One reply & # 64979 ; Josephus was captured, freed and so became friends with Roman Empire & # 64979 ; so hecannot start faulting Rome in his plants
2. Tacitus & # 64979 ; the proxies & # 64979 ; this is probablytrue because Tacitus doesn T blame the Jews even though he is an anti & # 64979 ; Semite
3. Eusibius & # 64979 ; the Jews & # 64979 ; because they didn taccept Jesus so they were punished
4. The Gemarah & # 64979 ; Sinat Chinam & # 64979 ; hatred betweenthe Jews for no ground & # 64979 ; illustration is the narrative of Kamtzah Bar Kamtzah
The Sequence ofEvents of the Revolt:
1. The centrists were the Prushim, and thenationalists were the Zealots ( Shamai ) & # 64979 ; The Zealots didn T ask for aid becausethey are patriots and did non inquire for aid from other Roman enemies. Theysaid Hashem helped the Jews on Chanukah and he ll assist them now. Florus is inSyria now with his soldiers and he sent a few 1000 of them to EretzYisrael. The Jews fought them difficult and won. The Romans saw this and knew thiswas a serious rebellion.
2. The Roman general, Vespasian, was sent byRome from the North. Jews choice Josephus Flavius ( our favourite beginning cat ) to bethe Judaic general. He was a Cohen when he was immature and spent a batch of clip inRome and appreciated Roman civilization & # 64979 ; most of import he knew Roman ways. He cameback to Eretz Yisrael and was considered a moderate.
Cityafter metropolis fell in the custodies of Rome until there was one metropolis left & # 64979 ; Yodfat.
Accordingto Josephus, the Romans seized the metropolis to hunger the Jews in it and it wasabout to fall in the custodies of Rome. The leaders ( including Josephus ) go intohiding in a cave. In the cave there was a large argument & # 64979 ; to give up and themselvesin to Rome or to kills themselves. Josephus says to give up, and they wereready to kill him for that. They decided on a lottery system & # 64979 ; for every twoJews one would kill the other. Josephus was the last Jew left and gave himselfinto the custodies of Rome. At the clip there was a power battle in Romeconcerning who would be Caesar. Josephus goes to Vespasian and tells him You re traveling to be Caesar and he didn t believe him. All of a sudden amessenger comes and tells Vespasian he s Caesar.
3. The Romans came and made a siege onYerushlaim. The Jews had many resources in the metropolis to last a piece but theZealots burnt the nutrient and resources so the Jews would be despairing and notwant to do peace with Romans and they would contend. The leaders of the Zealotswere Shimon Bar Giyorah and Yochanan Migush Chalav ( or something like that ) .
Merely note & # 64979 ; Amongstthe Zealots were the utmost groups called the Sicarii & # 64979 ; who killed Romans andany Jews who even said hello to the Romans ( this was before the rebellion. )
The Romans bringJosephus to Yerushalaim and he tried to do peace but he didn t win. Thereason they didn t accept was because the Cohan Gadol & # 64979 ; Eliezer was a Zealot andhe refused to give the offerings of the Romans and the Caesar.
Vespasian s boy wasTitus ( barbarous cat ) and he was the 1 who commanded the combustion of the BeitHamikdash. Now Josephus said that Titus didn t bid that instead while theywere reasoning what to make a soldier came and threw a torch in the Mikdash and itburnt & # 64979 ; this is NOT true & # 64979 ; Josephus merely wrote this cause he wanted Titus to likehim, and he wouldn t get in problem with Rome. Titus truly did fire down theBeit Hamikdash.
Titus punishmentwas that a fly entered his caput and buzzed around and made him travel loony. BeitHamikdash burnt from the 9th of Av until noon of the 10thof Av.
Whoeverwas left was captured by Rome and taken into imprisonment. The state of affairs ishorrible and there are literally pools of blood in the streets of Yerushalaim, and Bnei Yisrael are in Galut.
Bar Cochvah s Revolt ( 132 & # 64979 ; 135 C.E. ) ( 8 )
After the devastation of the Beit Hamikdash the state of affairs isbad but Judaic life is still traveling on. Approximately 60 old ages after thedestruction came the rebellion & # 64979 ; why now? So the large inquiry to reply this is which came foremost & # 64979 ; the rebellion orthe edicts? And why did Hadrian, the Caesar ( Adrianus ) even decree thesedecrees?
A. The Beginnings:
1. Dio Cassius & # 64979 ; Hadrian made Yerushalaim into a Pagan metropolis & # 64979 ; atemple for the God Jupiter and called it Aelia Capitolina ; when he did that, the Jews revolted
2. Spartianus & # 64979 ; Hadrian decreed that Brit Milah was forbidden, sothe Jews revolted
3. Breshit ( 1st book of Torah ) Rabah & # 64979 ; Hadrian hadpromised the Jews he would reconstruct the Beit Hamikdash and he didn t maintain hispromise so he revolted
4. Eusibius & # 64979 ; he is an anti & # 64979 ; Semite, and he agrees with Mantel thatthe Jews revolted foremost and so Hadrian made the edicts. He says the Jewswere of course violent people looking for battles.
B. Hugo Mantel s sentiment & # 64979 ; he says foremost the Jews revolted and thenthere came the edicts ( he agrees with Eusibius ) & # 64979 ; Why does Mantel believe this?
His job with the other beginnings:
1.Mantel says that Dio Cassius got his information onHadrian and his cogent evidence from Hadrian s autobiography & # 64979 ; which is non reliablebecause it s likely half true and exaggerated
2. Spartianus besides used the autobiography, but in additionto that in his old plants he is non to be trusted and is know to beunfaithful to history and mixes legend and fact, truth and fiction
3. The job with Breshit Rabah is that to Mantel it justsounds pathetic, eccentric and non logical ( it s a Midrash, by the manner )
His jobs with the male monarch:
Adrian was a tolerant male monarch! Mantel brings cogent evidence from othersources where it refers to Hadrian as a Man of Peace and Tolerant ofReligion. If a rebellion started in another portion of the imperium he would sendgifts alternatively of soldiers. We have 2 cogent evidences: Hadrian visited Egypt, and hesacrificed offerings to Egyptian Gods & # 64979 ; which he didn t even believe in. Besides, arevolt started in the metropolis of Mauritania and he sent them nowadayss alternatively ofsending them soldiers.
So how does Mantel reply the inquiry why the Jews revoltin the first topographic point? He says it was 60 old ages after the devastation and theythought Mashiach was around the corner and coming truly shortly ( like after thefirst devastation ) . They revolted kinda to acquire things started.
His job with the clip:
1. Mantel says the Jews started revolting in either 120 C.E.or 127 C.E. which was manner before the rebellion. They found coins, in Israel, with Hadrian s face & # 64979 ; from the 120s & # 64979 ; and he s dressed in his general garb, which means Hadrian, a tolerant cat, is now portrayed as a war person= he wasfighting with the Jews in Israel
2. They found a Roman military route between metropoliss in Israeldated from 127 C.E. which is proof the rebellion started before 132 C.E.
3. A whole military host of soldiers came to Israel in the120s proving that there was turmoil= rebellion. There was besides a missive from thesoldiers inquiring for more uniforms and supplies from Rome & # 64979 ; intending they werefighting and working hard in Israel.
4. Bar Cochvah succeeded in capturing Yerushalaim and therewouldn Ts have been adequate clip to make everything he had to make, and set up akingdom from the short clip period of 132 & # 64979 ; 135 C.E. & # 64979 ; he had to hold started muchearlier!
His jobs with Brit Milah ( Spartianus ) :
Mantel says that Hadrian would ne’er prohibit Brit Milah & # 64979 ; hewas a tolerant male monarch! It was a penalty for them revolting.
Historians answer him & # 64979 ; Shalit says Hadrian did prohibit BritMilah because it was similar to emasculation which was forbidden in the RomanEmpire. The Romans didn T know Judaic civilization and didn T understand what BritMilah truly was.
Mantel replies Shalit stating Hadrian knew the Jews andknew and knew their imposts and they knew that Brit Milah was non castration.Another historian says Brit Milah was barbarian harmonizing to Hadrian and hedidn T know what it was because it s a private ceremonial done in Shul. To thatMantel replies the same thing as he did to Shalit.
His job with the topographic point & # 64979 ; Yerushalaim:
Mantel says Dio Cassius is incorrect because Hadrian isreligiously tolerant. Historians answer him stating that he turned Yerushalaiminto a Pagan metropolis for his soldiers & # 64979 ; it was the centre so it was the perfectplace & # 64979 ; it was a centre where he had many soldiers. Why Yerushalaim? Possibly alsoit was a web of many strategic metropoliss of the Romans so they had to put upPaganism for this major metropolis. It wasn t a penalty for the Jews instead it wasfor his benefit.
Mantel replies & # 64979 ; WRONG! First, Hadrian knew the Jews andknew what a Heathen temple meant in their holy metropolis & # 64979 ; he wouldn t do that to them.Secondly, we have no cogent evidence that Yerushalaim was portion of a web of strategiccities and was strategically located for the Romans.
We now prove Mantel wrong:
1. In the Gemarah there s a Pasuk & # 64979 ; In the yearss of Bar Cochvahthousands of kids were given Brit Milah & # 64979 ; this means that before his yearss, childs weren t acquiring Brit Milahs= there were edicts that stopped them.
2. Coins & # 64979 ; They found coins with the image of Bar Cochvah on them & # 64979 ; these words and images were superimposed on other words and images & # 64979 ; a pictureof Hadrian with the words Aelia Capitolina significance he switched Yerushalaim intoa Pagan metropolis before the rebellion and Bar Cochvah
The Gemarah tells us about the class of the rebellion. Theycall Shimon Bar Cochvah & # 64979 ; Shimon Bar Cozibah= the prevaricator & # 64979 ; the Gemarah didn T likehim because everyone thought he was Mashiach ( even Rabbi Akivah thought he wasMashiach ) but he wasn t. The Cochvah portion came from a Pasuk speaking aboutYaakov it says Yaakov was a star so they used that for his name.
Another inquiry & # 64979 ; the Jews had suffered so much so far & # 64979 ; whywere they willing to contend once more? During the clip of Bar Cochvah there wasunity in the state ( Achdut ) and everyone wanted to contend ( unlike the beforethe devastation where non everyone wanted to contend ) . One reply: the decreeswere so atrocious and they were being pushed to a bound and couldn Ts take itanymore, so they fought. Another reply: they thought the Galut would merely last70 old ages & # 64979 ; no more & # 64979 ; merely like after the 1st Mikdash. Every Jewbelieved this & # 64979 ; they ne’er imagined the Galut would last this long.
Now where did Bar Cochvah acquire all the arms, materialsfrom & # 64979 ; they were right under the Romans olfactory organs! ? ! ?
The Jews had been forced into labour and one of those jobswas mending arms for the Romans. When the Romans gave them arms torepair they would state them the arms were beyond fix and they would fixthem and salvage them to utilize and construct up a aggregation.
The Romans did win but they suffered a enormous defeat.For 2 old ages at that place was triumph for the Jews and a Judaic independent land wasset up in Yerushalaim, and Bar Cochvah is the prince. Proof: They found coinsthat said Year one to the freedom of Jerusalem, Year one to the redemptionof Jerusalem, and Shimon the President of Israel.
In the terminal the Romans recaptured the metropolis. How do we knowthey suffered great losingss?
1. They lost a batch of work forces & # 64979 ; cogent evidence: they needed constantreinforcement ( hosts from elsewhere ) because the Jews kept killing thesesoldiers
2. Hadrian didn T mark his letters from 132 & # 64979 ; 135 C.E. with thewords Peace unto me and my ground forces because there wasn T peace and they were introuble
The Romans captured Yerushalaim and the Jews fled to thecity Beitar & # 64979 ; the last metropolis left. ( this happened all in the month of Av ) TheRomans captured Beitar and were cruel to those in the metropolis. They slaughteredmany Jews and there were rivers of blood in Beitar. The Romans besides mutilatedthe dead organic structures and didn T let them to be buried. He took the organic structures of BarCochvah and his warrioirs and hung them symbolically at the Gatess of Beitar.According to the Gemarah the Romans found one organic structure with a serpent coiled aroundits head & # 64979 ; this was Bar Cochvah because he was a prevaricator and called Bar Cozibah.
The Decrees of Hadrian:
1. Brit Milah was out
2. Shabbat and Holidays were forbidden to be observed
3. Learning Torah was out
4. Making Smichah ( to be a Rabbi ) was out
5. It was forbidden to come in Yerushalaim
The Jews didn T listen to the edicts, even though there wasa decease punishment & # 64979 ; there were 10 celebrated Rabbis killed ( the foremost 2 were RavYishmael and Raban Shimon Ben Gamliel ) . Elisha Ben Avooyah ( I think that s howyou pronounce it ) was a treasonist and helped the Romans. In the Gemarah they callhim Acher & # 64979 ; Other significance he was different and was bad.
The edicts lasted until Hadrian died, when Antonius came & # 64979 ; he buried the organic structures of Beitar.
Consequences of the Revolt:
1. They switched the name Yehudah into Syria Palestin sothere would be no more connexion to the Jews and the land
2. Yerushalaim turned into a metropolis of graven images and was called AeliaCapitolina & # 64979 ; Hebrews were merely allowed in on 9 Abs
3. The Goyim hate the Jews, their civilization, their G & # 64979 ; vitamin D, etc.
4. There was great Kiddush Hashem because many people died in hisname
5. The Jews no longer hold a land. The Romans took it and alsocollected revenue enhancements from them
6. The Jews lost hope & # 64979 ; they thought Hashem left them and theylost everything
Eretz Yisrael in the Time of the Talmud
( Talmud refers tothe clip of the Mishnah and the Gemarah )
A. So from the rebellion over half a millionJews died, many Hebrews are captives, many went to Babylonia, for the first timein history the Jews are a minority in their ain land, and Judaic influence inBabylonia increased greatly. Besides Rabbi Akiva s pupils were killed. Accordingto the Gemarah, they were killed because of Sinat Chinam ( unneeded hatred ) .Other historiographers believe that they were killed in the rebellion ( they wererebels ) & # 64979 ; which is logical because Rabbi Akiva believed that Bar Cochvah wasMashiach.
B. The Compromise
In 138 C.E. Hadriandied and Anthony ( Antoninus ) became the new Caesar. He cancelled the edicts ofHadrian.
Question: Why NOWare the Romans life in peace with the Jews? ?
The Romans suffered in the rebellion anddidn Ts need any battles
The Parthians and the Barbarians & # 64979 ; theRomans had to contend with them and they didn Ts have clip to contend with theJews. They re besides afraid of the Jews because possibly the Jews will beallies with the Parthians, Rome s enemy.
There were many converts of the RomanEmpire to Judaism, even after the devastation of the Beit Hamikdash. ManyRomans respect the Jews or even observe the Mitzvot & # 64979 ; those non & # 64979 ; Jews arecalled G & # 64979 ; vitamin D Fearers
The Jews were strong and brave inthe rebellion and the Romans respected them for that
The Romans feared more losingss of work forces The Romans:
Wereready to give up:
They cancelled the edicts against theJews ( Jews were granted spiritual freedom )
Hebrews were non drafted into the Romanarmy
The spiritual centre went from Yavnehto Ushah ( Ooshah ) in the Galil & # 64979 ; there was a new Sanhedrin, new Jewishleadership, and a new Judaic centerWerenot ready to give up:
Fiscus Iudaicus & # 64979 ; the Jews still had topay the revenue enhancement
Brit Milah for NON & # 64979 ; JEWS & # 64979 ; there was noconversion to Judaism and if they caught you & # 64979 ; decease punishment
Entrance into Yerushalaim was forbiddenexcept on 9 Av & # 64979 ; Yerushalaim was now a temple to the god JupiterTheJews:
Wereready to give up:
Paying revenue enhancements & # 64979 ; they had no problempaying them
They took in Hellenic civilization thatthe Romans got from the Greeks ( Ex: On the floors of some Synagogues thereare Hellenistic images, and in the Gemarah there are names of Rabbis andwords in Greek )
They accepted the regulation of Rome & # 64979 ; theyaccepted the thought of Galut. Because of this the Rabbis said that youcannot figure out when the terminal of the Galut will come & # 64979 ; they didn t want toget the Jews hopes upWerenot ready to give up:
Brit Milah & # 64979 ; there were still convertsdespite the punishment
Entrance into Yerushalaim & # 64979 ; there iseven cogent evidence that there were Yeshivas in YerushalaimAfterthe devastation all the metropoliss in Yerushalaim were destroyed on behalf of theRomans. The state of affairs is so black that the power switched onto the people inBabylonia and there is an statement between the Rabbis of Babylonia and Israelconcerning who has the power to make up one’s mind what twenty-four hours is Rosh Chodesh.
C.Things are reasonably good. There were 3 attitudes/approaches towards the Romans:
Moderates & # 64979 ; they saw some good in theRomans & # 64979 ; Rav Yehudah Bar Elay
Neutral & # 64979 ; didn T attention & # 64979 ; didn T favour orhate the Romans & # 64979 ; Rav Yossi Ben Chalafta
Zealots & # 64979 ; hated the Romans greatly & # 64979 ; Shimon Bar YochaiStory: The 3 were sitting down and a conversation started and Rav Yehudah said howgreat the Romans were & # 64979 ; they built Bridgess and market places, etc. Rav Yossi saidnothing. Shimon replied to Rav Yehudah that they merely built it for their owngood & # 64979 ; the Bridgess and market places are to transport and sell their prostitutes.Someone heard this and tattled on the Rabbis. The Romans rewarded Rav Yehudah, did nil to Rav Yossi and wanted to kill Shimon. He ran off to a cave withhis boy. He was a Kabbalist in the cave and wrote the Zohar. He came out of thecave with eyes and a face so bright that that he burnt people at that place. He didn tunderstand how people could populate such ordinary lives. He went back in the cave, learned, came out and understood how people could populate such field, worldlylives.
D.The Sanhedrin and the President in Ushah:
& # 64979 ; RavShimon Ben Gamliel II ( Rashbag II ) is the President
& # 64979 ; RavNatan is the Av Beit Din.
& # 64979 ; AndRav Meir is the Chacham ( ache one ) . There s a pasuk speaking about him and itsays he merely learned the kernel, or the good material, and discarded with the badstuff because he learned from Elishah &
