Lsd Essay, Research Paper

LSD ( for Chemistry Class ) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ( LSD ) LSD ) , a powerful hallucinogenic drug, besides called a psychedelic, foremost synthesized from lysergic acid in Switzerland in l038. Lysergic acidis a white odourless drug, a constituent of the cast of ERGOT. Ergot is aproduct of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Th e bio-active ingredients ofergot are all derived functions of lysergic acid. LSD is a semi-syntheticderivative of lysergic acid. Thus LSD is an ergot & # 8211 ; like substance. Thedrug evokes dreamlike alterations in temper and idea and alters theperception of clip and infinite. It can besides make a feeling of deficiency of self-control andextreme panic. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ( LSD ) besides goes by names like: acid, sugar, Blotter, Sugar Cubes, Blue Unicorn, Acid, Cid, Sid, BartSimpsons, Barrels, Tabs, Blotter, Heaven ly blue, L, liquid liquid, Microdots, Mind detergent, Orange regular hexahedron, Orange micro, Owsley, WeddingBells, windowpane, etc. LSD is really powerful: the effectual dosage is measured in mcgs ( ug ) & # 8212 ; nevertheless, the lethal dosage is literally 1000s of times that, doing the drug basically non-toxic. LSD is non-addictive, and therehave been merely a few instances of possible overdose where people ingested highly big sums of the drug ( Alan et al.,1978 ; Griggs et Al, . 1977 ) . LSD can be administered a figure of ways, themost common: orally though paper, sugar regular hexahedrons, on a piece of gelatin, orby pill ; intravenously or intramu scularly. A standard dosage withnoticeable hallucinogenic effects is about 100-200 ug. The strength ofthe trip is relative to the size of the dosage & # 8211 ; it is interesting tonote, though, that the continuance of the trip seems to remain the same athigher Department of State Es ( Freedman, 1984 ) . Physical effects include sleepiness, giddiness, dilated students, numbness and prickling, failing, shudders, andnausea. Transient unnatural thought induced by LSD, such as a sense ofomnipotence or a province of ague paranoia, can ensue in dangerousbehavior. Long-run inauspicious reactions such as relentless psychosis, drawn-out depression, or faulty judgement have besides been reported followingLSD consumption but whether these are a direct consequence of consumption isdifficult to set up. Althoug H LSD is non physiologically hooking, the drug s powerful mind-altering effects can take to chronic usage. In the1960 s LSD usage was widespread among people who sought to change andintensify their physical senses ; to accomplish supposed penetrations into theunive rse, nature, and themselves ; and to escalate emotional connectionswith others. The drug has been tried as a intervention for childish autism, for alcohol addiction, and to speed up psychotherapeutics, but no medical usage hasbeen established. Non-medical usage is ille gal in the U.S. The LSD experience is normally described as a trip because it islike a journey to another topographic point. This experience may be broken up intofour different stages. THE ONSET- Thirty proceedingss to an hr after being taken, colourss appearsharper, traveling objects leave hints behind them. Repeated forms may beseen with eyes closed. THE PLATEAU-Over the 2nd hr, the effects become more intense.Patterns are now seeable with eyes unfastened. Antic visions appear fromnowhere-from forms in fume, to lines on the thenar of the manus. THE PEAK- Time is slowed to a standstill. Trippers may experience they are in adifferent universe. For some this may be profound and mystical, for others itcan be really awful. The sense of world is altered-people may feelfeelings of flight, or experience they can take a breath underwater like a fish. THE COMEDOWN- Five or six hours after taking the drug the esthesiss beginto subside. After eight hours the trip is normally over, nevertheless someresidual effects may stay until sleep. The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 ( LSD ) were discovered by Dr Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938 when a smallamount of the drug soaked through his fingers during a everyday synthesis.He experienced an inventive dream-like stat vitamin E for a continuance of 2-3hours ( Hoffman,1983 ) . Since so a great trade of work has been doneattempting to document the wellness effects of LSD. In the 1950 s and1960 s, LSD was used by head-shrinkers for analytic psychotherapeutics ( controversial analysis ) . It w as idea that the disposal of LSDcould aid the patient in let go ofing repressed stuff. It was alsosuggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight intothe pathology ( the survey of indispensable nature of disease ) of a morbid head through self experimentation. During the late 1960ss LSD became popularas a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational useof the drug has dropped, a recent study on CNN claiming that 4.4 percentof 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if non the, most potent

hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD ( 1/2-2ug/kg organic structure weight ) consequence in a figure of system

wide effects that could be classified intosomatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categ ories. Theseeffects can last between five and fourteen hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD LSD can trigger underlying mental problems and produce delusions,paranoia, and schizophrenia-like states. It can also produce extremeanxiety states or panic attacks, not only while under the influence of thedrug, but for some time after. LSD may also result in changes in thepersonality of the user. These are known as Bad Trips Bad trips are notcause of the LSD (proven through scientific testing) that he/she has taken(although it plays a part in exciting a part of your brain not normallyused), t he bad trip deals more with the sub-conscious of the used. LSDdoesn t create images, what it DOES do is it stimulates a part of yourbrain that usually isn t used and makes you see or feel things that aren tthere. Anytime you stimulate a part of the bra in that isn t used you willhave a percentage of error and bad things will happen, so that s whatmakes LSD so risky to take. There are a few reasons why its so dangerous,one; you don t know how much dosage the dealer gave you; two, you havelittle or no control over what you see. However if you are with somebody having a badtrip the best thing you can do for him/her is to lead them to a quiet roomwith no radical things in it and keep that person calm until the tripwears off, this is called talking t hem down . It may be tedious but itcould save the life of a friend or loved one. Vitamin C has been shown toreduce the incidence of paranoia and prevent depletion of the vitamin fromthe adrenal glands during LSD trips.(Hoffer & Osmonds The psychedelic s ) Central nervous system stimulants can be grouped into three majorcategories, Psychomotor stimulants (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine,caffeine, metaphetamines, dextroamphetamines, methylphenidate, etc);convulsants and respiratory stimulants; and f inally psychotomimetic(hallucinogenic) stimulants, e.g. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), lysergicacid diethylamide (LSD) and phencyclidine (PCP). Hallucinogens quitesimply involve all drugs that cause hallucinations. Also known aspsychedelic drugs, psycoto mimetics have in common, the ability to altersensory perception and normal thought processes. Psycotomimetics produce amind state similar to psychosis [Psychosis is a major mental disorder inwhich the personality is very seriously disorganized and cont act withreality is usually impaired] and can evoke wide mood swings, timedistortions and a phenomenon known as syesthesia , where the senses aredistorted to the extent that colors, for example, are perceived to be tasted , and sounds seen . While th e exact thing that produces thepsychic effects of LSD is unknown at this time, it is believed that it seffect centers around it s influence at the serotonin receptor sites inthe central nervous system. [Serotonin is a neurotransmitter (chemicalmesseng er between nerve cells] that is thought to be involved in sensoryperception, sleep inducement, regulation of body temp. and mood control].Many areas of the brain that are heavily influenced by these seretoninproducing neurons are associated with the bo dy s visual and limbicsystems. [the limb system is the portion of the brain that is involvedwith various angles of emotion and behavior] When nerves are activated bynerve impulse they normally release the neurotransmitter serotonin(neurotransmitters a re chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses(messages) from one cell to another in effect allowing them to transmitinformation throughout the body). Once released, the neurotransmitterscross a gap (known as a synapse) between the adjacent cells and bind withserotonin receptors. It is believed that LSD inhibits the presynapticreceptors of the serotinin producing neurons causing a decrease in theability of serotonin to inhibit the post synaptic neuron. Also the effectof the LSD is that is allo ws excitatory neurotransmitters (normallysubdued by the presence of serotonin) to influence the postsynaptic neuronand increases the possibility of uninhibited actions. More and more things are being learned through experamentsconcerning LSD, and as we conduct more tests the more we can understandabout the drug itself, and the people who take it. References:1) Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants Jose Luis Diaz M.D.Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 11 (1-2) Jan-Jun 1979 2) Erowid LSD vault Websitewww.erowid.org/entheogens/lsd/lsd.shtml 3) LSD Information Websitewww.paranoia.com/drugs/psychedelics/lsd/ 4) FAQ-LSD (1995) from internet newsgroup: alt.drugs.psychedelics 5) LSD: A total Study Sankar (1975) 6) Pharm Assist: The family guide to health and medicine Interactive Multimedia CD ROMSoftware Marketing Corp. 1994 Phoenix AZ 7) The LSD Story Monroe, Judy, 1998Current Health 2 1998 v24 n8 April-May p24(3)