Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss Essay, Research Paper

April 29, 1996 Social and Political Reactions to Polygamy We are a curious people, Elder Bruce R. McConkie one time said ( McConkie 25 ) . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is one of a few uneven Christian faiths. Many of its patterns have created much persecution and political reaction, polygamy being one of these. It created much societal and political persecution of the Mormons. Most of this persecution had come from anti-polygamist Christians. This is dry because the anti-polygamists believed in the Bible, but non polygamy, one of its instructions. Many of God s righteous followings in the Old Testament practiced polygamy. Abraham married Hagar, Sarai s servant ( Genesis 16:1-3 ) . Jacob was married to Leah, Rachel, Billah, and Zilpha all at the same clip. In the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of modern disclosure used as Bible by the LDS church, it states that in nil did they [ the Old Testament prophets ] wickedness save in those things they received non of me [ God ] ( 132:38 ) . Quickly one sees that God gave those adult females to the Prophetss of old because they were righteous. So what precisely is the justification and ground for polygamy? Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss believed that when a twosome or household is sealed in the temple of the Lord by one keeping God s priesthood keys of waterproofing, that the bond is non until decease do us portion, but instead for all infinity. If this is true, so when a adult male is widowed and he marries a 2nd married woman, he so has two married womans. The Mormons believe that if a adult male can hold multiple married womans in Eden, so the same should be true on Earth. Harmonizing to the Lord s jurisprudence of matrimony, it is lawful that a adult male have merely one married woman at a clip unless by disclosure the Lord commands plurality of married womans in the new and ageless compact ( McConkie5770 ) . If a adult female who is sealed in the temple is widowed, she non allowed to be resealed: merely a adult male is allowed a plurality of partners. Before the initiation and organizing of the LDS church and debut of polygamy, Joseph Smith received acrimonious persecution. He was tarred and feathered by a rabble, but this was nil compared to the intervention the saints received when their pattern of polygamy became good known ( Arrington JS 26-7 ) . In order to get away the anguish, Joseph Smith led one hundred and fifty or more saints from New York to Kirtland, Ohio in 1831 ( Arrington JS 21 ) . After populating in harmoniousness with the native Gentiles for several old ages, the town of Kirtland became a comfortable metropolis. In 1843, the local Gentiles found out that Joseph Smith and many other church members were practising polygamy. When questioned, they confessed to the act, but from so on they hid it from the Gentiles ( Newell 66-7 ) . The intelligence spread rapidly, and the persecution returned at an even greater strength. Social persecution rapidly turned into political persecution. On October 30, 1838, Governor Lilburn Boggs issued the Extermination Order in which he wrote that the Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the province, if necessary, for the public good. ( Benton 787 ) A few yearss subsequently at Haun s Mill, 17 Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss were killed and many others, including adult females and kids, were badly wounded ( Benton787 ) . In October 1838, the Missouri province reserves was processing toward the Saints in Kirtland, Ohio: Anxious to avoid bloodshed, Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Parley P. Pratt, Lyman White and George Robinson went to negociate with province functionaries under the flag of armistice. Alternatively of handling the group with regard, nevertheless, reserves functionaries seized the group. An order was issued to hold Joseph and the others shot, but Colonel Alexander Doniphan, a secondary Missouri officer, bravely refused to transport out the order. Alternatively of court-martial and executing, the captives were taken on November 2 to Jackson County for Prison and test. ( Arrington JS32 ) After passing six months in prison, the group escaped with the aid of the prison guard ( Arrington JS 32 ) . Joseph so purchased a big sum of land in Jackson county, Missouri to which the Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss could fly for safety. There Smith founded the metropolis of Nauvoo, to which about 2,500 Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss fled, from Ohio and New York. At first the Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss were kindly received by the Missourians who looked upon them as a set of harmless fiends, really susceptible of being molded into good and honest citizens ( Benton 796 ) . Native Southerners shortly found that the Mormons were against bondage, and hence began to contemn their presence ( Benton 797 ) . William and Wilson Law organized a paper called the Nauvoo Expositor, and printed their first and last paper in which they reinforced the rumours among the Gentiles that the Mormons practiced polygamy. Anti-Mormon mob force increased in response. Smith had the imperativeness destroyed and gathered the Nauvoo host to squelch the rabble force and to protect the metropolis ( Benton 797 ) : For this he was charged with lese majesty and with others, including his brother Hyrum, incarcerated in Carthage gaol under pledge of protection by Governor Ford. This pledge was non kept. On the afternoon of June 27, 1844, a rabble of armed work forces with blackened faces assaulted the gaol and murdered Joseph and Hyrum Smith. John Taylor was badly hurt, but Willard Richards, their fellow captive, escaped unhurt. ( Benton 797 ) The prophesier and president of the church was dead, and for the following three old ages. The Mormons were led by the Quorum of the Twelve. Brigham Young, the senior member of the Twelve, was so appointed by the Twelve and overpoweringly ratified by the fold ( Benton797 ) . Under Brigham Young, the Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss faced their concluding move. On September 10, 1845 Young appointed 1,500 work forces to travel to the Great Salt Lake Valley, and two hebdomads subsequently an understanding was made with the county and the province functionaries in Missouri for a prompt emptying of Missouri. In the early spring of 1846, several thousand Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss evacuated Nauvoo to head for Salt Lake ( Arrington BY 55 ) . The Salt Lake Valley was selected because of its very unattractiveness, with the hope, hence, that it would non be coveted by others ( Benton 797 ) : Constitutional conventions of 1856, 1862, 1872, 1882, and 1887 accomplish

ed nothi8ng in the face of the determination of the federal government to force abolition of polygamy which became the symbol of the supremacy of United States law over the Mormon way of life. (Benton 910) Not until 1895 was Utah allowed entrance into the union as a state, because Congress wanted more non-Mormons in Utah and because they wanted to be sure that polygamy was finished there (Arrington 343). They eventually received status as a United States territory under the name of Utah, instead of statehood. Under their new status as a territory, the Mormons were treated poorly by their appointed territorial governor and congress. During the 1850s, Associate Justice William Drummond and the United States Attorney General Jeremiah Black sent claims to President James Buchanan that the records of the territorial Supreme Court had been damaged under Brigham Young s command (Roberts 4:46). After several more reports of serious treason were reported to Buchanan, he sent in General Albert Sidney Johnston with several thousand troops and the newly appointed territorial Governor Alfred Cumming to quell the rebellion and restore peace. Due to severe weather conditions and guerrilla attacks, in which supplies were taken or destroyed, the army was forced to stay in Camp Scott near Fort Bridger (Benton 797). In the Spring the troops moved in and found that the records were intact. In preparation for the federal troops, Young had ordered that all Mormons in the Great Salt Lake Valley area were to flee south (Roberts 4:444). The troops returned to Camp Scott and reported to Buchanan that the peace had been restored (Roberts 4:43). The whole military episode soon became known as Buchanan s blunder and did much to ruin his fortunes politically (Benton798). After Buchanan s blunder, Congress reverted to laws instead of the military to rid the United States of polygamous Mormons. The first of many anti-Mormon and anti- polygamy laws was the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862. Lincoln approved this bill on July 8, 1862 which made the practice of polygamy illegal (Roberts 5:7). In 1882 the Edmunds Law was enacted, providing for imprisonment of those convicted of polygamy or unlawful cohabitation (Kenney 195). Because of these two laws the Mormons were subject to extreme persecution (Roberts 5:7); many of the Mormon leaders were forced to flee their homes to keep from being thrown in prison for a practice basic to their religious beliefs (Swinton 145): These laws were questioned because it was thought that they constituted an infringement upon religious liberty as guaranteed by the constitution. In 1890, however, after the US supreme court had reaffirmed the constitutionality of the anti-polygamy laws. . . (Benton 799) On September 24, 1890. In response to the decree of the Supreme Court Wilford Woodruff issued what became known as the Woodruff Manifesto. It is printed at the end of every copy of the Doctrine & Covenants. It reads in part as follows: Inasmuch as Laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort. I hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws, and to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise. (D&C292) Although the leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints no longer sanctioned or allowed polygamous marriages in their temples, the practice continued among rebellious and stubborn members. Persecution continued because many Gentiles rightly felt that the Mormons were still practicing polygamy. The Idaho Test Oath was used to disenfranchise those men who continued to practice polygamy. Gentile women fought to gain suffrage in order to aid the passage of anti-polygamy laws. Once women were enfranchised they realized it was only aiding the polygamists and began lobbying for disenfranchising women (Bitton 212-3). Not all Mormons liked polygamy; many felt it was not an institution of God. At first, even Joseph Smith dreaded it (Newell 292). Women, especially, did not approve of it. They fought against it because of its accompanying hardships. Emma Smith, Joseph s wife, was one such Mormon woman. In her journal she writes of the hardships she had to go through because of polygamy: Today Lucie Rigdon told me she had heard of another of Joseph s wives. I just can t cope with sharing my husband. (Newell 272). Men also rejected polygamy. They felt it was a form of justified adultery. Not all Mormons reacted the same way to polygamy. Some left, and others had their testimonies strengthened by it. The Mormons were subject to severe persecution and unjust treatment for believing that polygamy was morally, spiritually, and legally correct and for upholding the two percent who practiced it (Robert 6:149). The Mormons were driven across the nation to escape the persecution but were never successful. Many church historians have felt that polygamy was practiced in order to make the early and present members stronger by forcing them to defend their beliefs as Mormons (Roberts 5:294-300). Works Cited Arrington, Leonard J. Brigham Young: American Moses. New York: Alred A Knopf, Inc., 1895. Arrington, Leonard J. ed. The Presidents of the Church. Salt Lake: Desert Books, 1986. Arrington, Leonard J. Joseph Smith, Presidents. Arrington, Leonard, J. Brigham Young, Presidents. Benton, William, ed. Encyclopedia Britanica. Chicago, 1965. Bitton, Davis & Beecher, Maureen U. New Views of Mormon History. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987. – – -. Doctrine & Covenants. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1989. – – -. The Holy Bible. King James Version. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1989. Kenney, Scott. Joseph F. Smith, Presidents. McConkie, Bruce R. Mormon Doctrine. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft Inc., 1886. Newell, Linda King & Avery, Valeen. Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1984. Roberts, B. H.. A Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City; Bookcraft, 1957. Swinton, Heidi S. Lorenzo Snow, Presidents.