State Essay, Research Paper

Papal Expansion and The Importance of Harmonious

Relationss Between Church and State

Ecclesiastical reform was improbably of import in the European Church in the late 11th century and the early 12th century. Previous to Emperor Henry III s reign there were highly comfy dealingss between the Church and the province which kept many male monarchs, princes, and Catholic Popes united, but really disquieted many reformists. Papal reformists of the mid-eleventh century could chiefly be categorized in two separate groups. There were those who wanted to alter the pontificate mildly by bettering the moral criterions of clerics and stop barratry while staying working hand-in-hand with the royal imperials. Then, there were those reformists that wanted to radically alter the pontificate by wholly cutting off dealingss with the imperials so, in bend, switching power to their new apostolic monarchy. Pope Leo IX is an illustration of a mild apostolic reformist while Pope Gregory VII sought extremist papal reform. These differences in apostolic reform beliefs defined the Catholic Popes relationships with their several emperors, Henry III and Henry IV, and, correspondingly, defined the success of the Church and the Empire.

In 1309 Emperor Henry III inherited the throne and instantly focused on apostolic reform in the Empire. The place of Emperor brought on great duty for Henry III, but besides brought on great imperial power. Henry III decided that he would take his power towards political relations in apostolic Rome. At the clip there was a conflict for the rubric of Catholic Pope that was being fought by three different people. There had non been one definite Catholic Pope in the pontificate and Henry III decided that he would force out all three of those contending for the caput of the pontificate and would name the Catholic Pope himself. Henry III began looking for an appointee that was eager to reform the church the same manner he envisioned church reform.

Pope Leo IX was the name of the individual the Emperor chose. Leo IX was a reform Pope who invariably was contending for reform. Leo IX envisioned the Church would finally be composed of clerics with high-morals that were against barratry and clerical matrimony. In order to construct a Church like he envisioned, he traveled invariably himself to preside over local councils and force out guilty clerics. Leo IX was a really successful apostolic reformer, but he besides caused much convulsion amongst other apostolic reform groups. Many people wanted freedom from the province despite the fact that the church and the province worked closely during this clip period and the male monarchs and princes provided the pontificate with gifts ( e.g. land, edifices, etc ) and support. Reformers felt that Emperor Henry III had excessively much important power since he could name and force out Popes.

Henry III and Leo IX continued to work together harmoniously despite the lifting figure of apostolic reformers that wanted separation from the province. Leo IX continued implementing his runs against clerical matrimony and barratry while Henry III continued to back up the well behaviors of the Pope. Together, the Pope and the Emperor agreed on many policies, and they, in bend, raised the overall moral degree of the European Church.

There was great support for church reform by the Emperor and the Pope which correspondingly created a strong bond between them. Unfortunately, Leo IX s clip as Pope ran out in 1054, which led to papal leading by a strong group of rhenium

signifier cardinals. Henry III died and left his throne to his six year-old-son Henry IV in 1056. The terminal of Pope Leo IX and Emperor Henry III s confederation and old ages of cohesive church reform marked the beginning of a new confederation between two really different people, Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry III.

In the twelvemonth 1057, after all of Emperor Henry III s papal appointees had died, a group of reform cardinals began naming Catholic Popes without ballad control. Amongst the reformists was Hildebrand, who finally became Pope Gregory VII. He wrote the Papal Election Decree which stated, thenceforth the Catholic Pope would be chosen by cardinals. The emperor and the Roman temporalty would simply give formal blessing. Hildebrand spread the word of their riddance of ballad control over naming a Catholic Pope all over the Empire. He made every topographic point that he visited fall in his run and when he eventually was pontificated in 1075 as Pope Gregory VII he instantly issued The Dictate of the Pope. This statute law granted the Catholic Pope entire power over naming apostolic functionaries and force outing and unchurching anyone against the Church. At this clip, Emperor Henry IV had grown up and had merely begun demoing promise as a strong Emperor.

Unfortunately for Henry IV, Pope Gregory VII had already made several alterations in dealingss between the church and province before he even had a opportunity to react. On January 24, 1076, Henry IV sent an violative missive to the Pope stating that Henry was Emperor non through trespass but through the holy ordination of God, and that the Pope was non the strong leader that he thought he was, but alternatively was, non pope but false monastic. Pope Gregory VII instantly responded to this missive with a answer which called for the deposing and exclusion of Henry IV. The lone response that Henry IV could hold was to travel to the sanctum Canossa to apologise for his action and promise to amend his ways. This really stopped the deposing of the Emperor, but when Henry IV decided to disregard his promise he made to the Pope and go on his battle for apostolic reform, the Pope one time once more called for his exclusion and force outing from the pontificate.

In response, Henry IV invaded Rome until the Pope called his Norman alliances for aid against the Emperor. The Normans came to Rome and drove off the Emperor, but unluckily for Gregory VII, the Normans besides rioted against the Roman townsfolk, killing many and selling others to slavery. This changed all of the townsfolk s positions towards Gregory VII everlastingly and finally take to the decease of the Catholic Pope in 1085. Emperor Henry IV was ne’er excommunicated or deposed, but he died old ages subsequently, in 1085, after passing the bulk of his rein in wrangles with Pope Gregory VII and his extremist pontificate reform.

In decision, the involvements and apostolic reform beliefs of Catholic Popes and their corresponding emperor measured the success of society during this clip period. Leo IX and Henry III had similar involvements and run beliefs while Gregory VII and Henry IV s beliefs contrasted aggressively. Since Leo IX and Henry III maintained harmonious dealingss during their periods of regulation, their reform of the pontificate was successful. On the other manus, Gregory VII and Henry III were in changeless dissension, which caused apostolic reform to caput in the incorrect way. All in all, during this clip period two strong governments conducted different parts of society, and their dealingss determined if the civilisation would boom.