Erik H. Erikson adapted and expanded Freud’s theory of development to include the full life span. believing that people continue to develop throughout life. He describes eight phases of development. Erikson envisions life as a sequence of degrees of accomplishment. Each phase signals a undertaking that must be achieved. The declaration of the undertaking can be complete. partial. or unsuccessful.
Erikson believes that the greater the undertaking accomplishment. the healthier the personality of the individual ; failure to accomplish a undertaking influences the person’s ability to accomplish the following undertaking. These developmental undertakings can be viewed as a series of crises. and successful declaration of these crises is supportive to the persons’ self-importance. Failure to decide the crises is damaging to the self-importance. Erikson’s eight phases reflect both positive and negative facets of the critical life periods.
The declaration of the struggles at each phase enables the individual to work efficaciously in society. Each stage hour angle sits developmental undertaking. and the single must happen a balance between. for illustration. trust versus misgiving or unity versus desperation. When utilizing Erikson’s developmental model. nurses should be cognizant of indexs of positive and negative declaration of each phase. It is besides of import to be cognizant that the environment is extremely influential in development. harmonizing to Erikson.
One can heighten an individual’s development by being cognizant of the person’s developmental phase and by assisting the individual develop get bying accomplishments comparative to stressors experienced at that degree. One can beef up an individual’s positive declaration of a developmental undertaking by supplying the single with appropriate chances and encouragement. For illustration. a 10- year- old kid can be encouraged to be originative. to complete school assignment. and to larn how to carry through these undertakings within the restrictions imposed by wellness.
Erikson emphasizes that people must alter and accommodate their behaviour to keep control over their lives. In his position. no phase in personality development can be bypassed. but people can go fixated at one phase or reasoning backward to a old phase under dying or nerve-racking conditions. For illustration. a middle- aged adult female who has ne’er satisfactorily accomplished the undertaking of deciding individuality versus function confusion might regress to an earlier phase when stressed by an unwellness with which she can non get by.
Erikson’s eight phases of development include Infancy. cardinal undertaking is trust versus misgiving ; Early Childhood. cardinal undertaking is autonomy versus shame and uncertainty ; Late Childhood. cardinal undertaking is inaugural versus guilt ; School Age. cardinal undertaking is industry versus lower status ; Adolescence. cardinal undertaking is identity versus function confusion ; Young Adulthood. cardinal undertaking is intimacy versus isolation ; Adulthood. cardinal undertaking is generativity versus stagnancy and Maturity. in which the cardinal undertaking is integrity versus desperation.
The indexs of positive declaration for each phases are ; larning to swear others for Infancy ; self control without loss of ego –esteem. ability to collaborate and to show oneself for Early Childhood ; larning the grade to which assertiveness and purpose influence the environment. get downing ability to measure one’s ain behaviour for Late Childhood ; get downing to make. develop. and manipulate. developing sense of competency and doggedness for School age ; consistent sense of ego. programs to realize one’s abilities for Adolescence ; confidant relationship with another individual. committedness to work and relationships for Young Adulthood ; creativeness. productiveness. concern for others for Adulthood and ; credence of worth and singularity of one’s ain life. credence of decease for Maturity or in the last phase of life of being an grownup.
