Different designs can be followed for seting fruit trees in a given country. Such designs are explained in this brochure in a simple and limpid manner.

Practically all the subdivisions in this book necessitate careful survey. However. the reader should seek to distinguish between the systems with attention before he can put out on the field. Calculation of the figure of saplings of the selected fruit trees is made farther clear through an exercising and a ready recknoner.

Dr. K. T. Chandy. Agricultural & A ; Environmental Education

I. Introduction
Layout of an grove is really of import. Layout means repairing the place of trees. roads. edifices. etc. in an grove being planned. There are assorted systems of layout in an grove. Systems of layout refer to the design of seting the trees. It is desirable to hold the trees planted in a systematic manner because: ( 1 ) grove operations like intercultural and irrigation are carried out easy ; ( 2 ) it makes possible the distribution of countries every bit for each tree ; ( 3 ) it consequences in maximal use of an country harmonizing to different sorts of trees ; and ( 4 ) it makes supervising more easy and effectual.

II. Systems of Planting
There are five systems of planting of fruit trees. In all these systems. trees are planted in rows. The distance between row to row and works to works varies with the system. type of fruit trees and their assortments. Braid with bigger canopy require greater distance between them and frailty versa.

A. Square system
In square system the trees are planted in four corners of a square maintaining the same distance between row to row and works to works in the same row. This is the simplest and easiest system of plantation. ( Appendix Fig. 1 ) .

Advantages
1. Irrigation channels and waies can be made directly.
2. Operationss like plowing. disking. cultivation. crop-dusting and reaping becomes easy. 3. Better supervising of the grove is possible as one gets a position of the grove from one terminal to the other.

Disadvantages
1. Relatively less figure of trees are accommodated in given country. 2. Distance between works to works and row to row remains the same and. hence. certain sum of infinite in the center of four trees is wasted.

B. Rectangular system
In rectangular system the trees are planted in the same manner as in a square system except that the distance between row to row will be more than the distance between works to works in the same row. Four next trees in this system make a rectangular design. ( Appendix Fig. 2 ) .

Advantages
1. Intercultural operations can be carried out easy.
2. Irrigation channel can be made length and comprehensiveness wise
3. Light can perforate into the grove through the big inter infinites between rows.
4. Better supervising is possible.
5. Intercropping is possible.

Disadvantages
1. A big country of the grove between rows is wasted if intercropping is non practised.
2. Less figure of trees are planted.

C. Quincunx or Diagonal system
Basically. quincunx or diagonal system is the same as the square system except for the add-on of a tree in the centre of each square. In this system. the figure of trees planted in the same country is about dual. But the distance between the trees is much reduced. For this ground. trees with shorter life infinite are chosen for the centre. By the clip the chief trees grow into full size. the cardinal trees will hold finished their life rhythm. The cardinal trees are known as filler harvest and the others as chief harvest. If the filler harvest hinders earnestly the growing of chief trees. it should be removed Papaya. Guava. Lime. plum and Prunus persicas are a few illustrations of filler harvests in groves with trees like Mangifera indica doodly-squat and Tamarindus indica. ( Appendix Fig. 3 ) .

Advantages
1. Additonal income can be earned from the filler harvest till the chief harvest comes into bearing. 2. Copared to square to square and rectangular systems. about double the figure of trees can be planted ab initio. 3. maximal use of the land is possible.

Disadvantages
1. Skill is required to layout the grove.
2. Inter/filler harvest can interfere with the growing of the chief harvest.
3. Intercultural operations become hard.
4. Spacing of the chief crop0 is reduced if the filler harvest is allowed to go on after the growing of the chief harvest.

D. Hexagonal system
In the hexangular system. the trees are planted at the corners of an equilateral trigon. Six such trigons are joined together to organize a hexagon. Six trees are positioned at the conrners of this hexagon with a 7th in the centre all arranged in the three rows. However the distance between tree to corner in six waies from the cardinal tree remains the same. ( Appendix Fig. 4 ) .

Advantages
1. Compared to square system 15 % more trees can be planted.
2. It is an ideal system for the fertile and good irrigated land.
3. Plant to works distance can be maintained the same.
4. More income can be obtained.

Disadvantages
1. Intercultural operations become hard.
2. Skill is required to layout the grove.

E. Contour system
Contour is an fanciful line linking all points of equal lift across a incline. In a hilly country. a batch of depressions. ridges. furrows and topographic point surface are found. But when plating is done a line is made by linking all the points of same lift across the incline from a base line. This spacing is maintained on this row. However row to row distance will non be the same since the grade of incline varies from topographic point to descry. Points of equal lift at a distance equal to works to works spacing are market with the aid of Dumpy degree or other suited instruments.

In this system contour lines themselves become the rows and are marked at the row to row distance. However it is non possible to keep the row to row distance purely all long the rows. Whenever distance between next contour line is about dual another contour is fitted in that infinite. ( Appendix Fig. 5 ) .

Advantages
1. this system can be adopted in cragged parts and in leveled land.
2. Contour system can command the dirt eroding.
3. It helps at the same time in the preservation of H2O.
4. Preservation of works foods supplied by manures and fertilisers possible.
5. Contour from an easy way for motions on the hill slpes for transporting out assorted orchard operations such as weeding. manuering. sniping. reaping. disease and pest control.

Disadvantages
1. Puting out of contour lines is hard and clip consuming. 2. Particular accomplishment is required to layout this system.
3. Particular instruments are required for doing contour lines. 4. The row to row distance will non be equal and accommodations may be required in the works to plot distance. 5. Rows are broken in to spots and pieces.

III. Puting out for Planting Trees
Puting out an grove in any one of the system requires certain tools and practical accomplishments.

A. Tools
Following are the chief tools required to put out an grove: 1. rope or Fe concatenation for placing consecutive line between two points. 2. Measuring tape to mensurate the distance.
3. Ranging rod which is a consecutive bamboo with the terminal pointed so that it can be fixed in the field. 4. Right angle shaft dwelling of two wooden rods fixed at right angle 990 grades ) . 5. wooden nogs used for repairing the points at which trees are to be planted and Lime dust in order to tag the lines.

Before continuing with the existent layout in the field the field should be decently prepared. A study on a paper will give much clarify about the design to be laid out.

B. Procedure for layout
In the layout processs for different system. a few common stairss can be identified. 1. Measure the land.
2. Decide the types of trees to be plated. seting distance and the system of plating. 3. Fix a program on the paper taging all inside informations.
Fixing a program on paper is boring and clip devouring but the existent layout becomes easier.

A base line ( parallel to any side of the secret plan or a contour line ) is market ever at the beginning of the layout and it forms a row of trees. Subsequent rows are marked parallel to this base line except in contour system. The place of the trees in each row is marked utilizing the wooden nog go forthing a infinite equal to half the works to works distance on either side ( boundary ) . Otherwise. the roots and canopy of the trees may distribute beyond the boundary. Depending on the length and breadth of the land works to works and row to row distance. boundary infinite may be moderately adjusted. While fixing the bluish print. all these factors are taken into consideration. Put out processs for different systems

The followers are the basic processs for puting out assorted systems of orchid.

1. Square system
a ) Establish a base line/row.
B ) Mark place of trees on this line utilizing the wooden nog go forthing half of plat to works distance 9actual or adjusted ) on both sides of the base lines. degree Celsius ) Using right angle shaft. widen lines perpendicular to the base line from every place of the trees marked. vitamin D ) Pegs are fixed on these lines at works to works distance

These are the basic processs for puting out a square system. One can present a figure of alterations in the process and in the tools to increase the efficiency.

2. Rectangular system
The process is the same as for the square system. The row to row distance is more than the works to works distance and the row to row distance signifiers the length of the rectangle.

3. quincunx or diagonal system
Follow the process for the layout of a square system. In add-on to this grade with pegs the centres of each square for the filler workss by pulling the diagonals.

4. Hexagonal system
Establish a basal line on one side of the field as in the square system. Mark the place of trees on the base line at he desired distance and repair the nog. Make equilateral trigons on the basal line keeping the sides of the trigons equal to works to works distance. Mark the tops al all the trigons with nogs and fall in them into a line to organize the 2nd line of trees. Similarly. do equilateral trigons on the 2nd line and cover the whole land.

5. Contour system
Contour system is a little more complicated than any other system of layout since planting has to be done on inclines. For the process grade contours at a distance equal to row to row distance on each contour lines. The contours may be of full length or less than full length depending on fluctuations in the grade of incline.

IV. Calculation of Number of Trees

The layout on a paper ( bluish print ) shows the distance between works to works. system of seting adopted entire figure of rows. length and width wise distance left in the boundaries. figure of workss in rows and entire figure of workss in the grove.

The entire figure of workss required per hectare under different systems of planting can be calculated by utilizing a simple expression. However one should maintain the followers in head.

1. The expression will merely assist in determinging the entire workss ( about ) required for a peculiar country. 2. it will assist the agriculturist to find the figure of saplings he should order in progress from an outside baby’s room or to raise them in one’s ain.

The expression therefore used is a general one as given below.

Entire country of land
Number of workss =
Area required for one tree

Entire country of the secret plan is calculated harmonizing to the criterion processs applied depending on the form of the land. If the secret plan is irregular shaped one should acquire the aid of a surveyer.

Area required for one works = Row to row distance ten works to works distance.

Using this expression. one can gauge about the figure of saplings required for plating under each system.

Square system is the footing of appraisal. The figure of workss for square system is calculated foremost. Doubling this figure one can happen out the figure of workss required for quincunx system and the add-on of 15 % to the square can give the appraisal of workss required for hexangular system. For contour system. the same expression is used. Based on this estimation the agriculturist can order saplings from the baby’s room. But if the program is made on the paper before telling the seedlings. one can acquire the existent figure of workss required after taging the place of workss in the field. To this figure 15 % more should be added to make full the spreads at the terminal of the first twelvemonth and 2nd twelvemonth.

V. Exercise on the Estimation of Number of Trees

Appraisal of the figure of trees is farther made clear through an illustration.

Example: Determine the figure of Mangifera indica trees that can be planted under assorted systems on a secret plan of 120?90 meters. Guava trees are the selected as filler trees in quincunx system. The works to works distance for Mangifera indica is 12 meters.

1. Square system:
Area of the secret plan = 120 ten 90 = 10800 sq m
Area for one works = 12 ten 12 =144 sq m

Number of trees required = 10800/12 ten 12 = 75

2. Rectangular system:
In rectangular system the row to row distance is more than works to works to works distance. Let us repair it here as 15 meters. Using the expression.

The figure of workss required = 10800/15 ten 12 =60

3. Quincunx system:
The figure of chief harvest ( Mango ) = same figure as in square system = 75 trees

Filler harvest figure ( guava ) = about same as chief harvest in square system =75 trees

4. Hexangular system:
For gauging figure of trees under hexangular system add 15 % more to the figure of trees estimated under the square system.

No of trees in square system = 75 trees

No of trees in the hexangular system = 75 ten 15/100 + 75 = 86 trees

5. Contour system
Area of secret plan = 120 x 90 = 10800

Area required for one works = 12 ten 12 = 144 sq m

No of trees required = 12 ten 90 /12 x 12 = 75 approximately

6. Alternate method:
If the secret plan has equal lengths and breadths another method of ciphering the figure of trees can be adopted. In this method. the figure of rows are determined by spliting with by row to row distance. Similarly the figure of workss in the same row is determined by spliting length by the works to works distance. The entire figure of trees can be obtained by multiplying the figure of rows with the figure of trees in the row.

Following the same method. figure of trees are calculated for the same illustration as follows.

Width of the secret plan = 90 m
Length of the secret plan = 120 m
Row to row distance = 12 m
No of rows = 90/12 = 7 rows

While spliting one gets 7 full rows and 6 meters as balance which is precisely half of the row to row to distance. Under this circumstance either the spacing is reduced by 0. 75 meter to acquire the row figure precisely 8 or increased by 0. 85 meter to hold 7 rows. Similarly the figure of trees per row is besides calculated.

No of trees in the same row = 120/12 =10

Entire figure of trees = no of trees in a row x no of rows
= 7 ten 10 or 8 ten 10 = 70 or 80

One can besides go forth the balance distance on one side of the secret plan and utilize it for turning any other harvest.

Any method of appraisal is non truly accurate. because inside the secret plan there may be some rocky countries and infinite may be required for waies. channels. and edifices. Merely after taging the place of trees utilizing a nog. one can find the exact figure of saplings.

The followers is a ready calculator giving the figure of trees under the three systems 9square. quincunx and hexagonal ) in an country of one hectare when the works to works distance is same. Table 1 gives the approximative figure of trees per heactare under assorted systems of plantations.

Table 1 Approximate figure of trees per hectare under assorted systems of plantations.

|Sl No. |Distance |Square |Quincux system including |Hexagonal system | | |metre |system |filler harvest | | |1 |2. 5 |1600 |3200 |1840 | |2 |3. 0 |1111 |2222 |1277 | |3 |4. 0 |625 |1250 |718 | |4 |5. 0 |400 |800 |460 | |5 |6. 0 |277 |555 |318 | |6 |7. 0 |204 |408 |234 | |7 |8. 0 |156 |312 |179 | |8 |9. 0 |123 |246 |141 | |9 |10. 0 |100 |200 |115 | |10 |11. 0 |82 |164 |94 | |11 |12. 0 |69 |138 |79 |

In the instance of rectangular system the figure of trees varies harmonizing to the row to row distance. The approximative figure of trees in contour system is about the same as the figure of trees in square system when the row to row and works to works distance is equal. whereas if the row to row distance is more than the works to works distance the figure is equal to the rectangular system.

VI. Decision

Knowledge of assorted systems of orchard planting is really necessary for set uping an grove scientifically. It will be helpful to gauge the needed workss in progress or to raise them in his ain baby’s room. Without this cognition one can non put out on grove and put the secret plan to maximal use.