& # 1055 ; & # 1054 ; & # 1042 ; & # 1054 ; & # 1051 ; & # 1046 ; & # 1057 ; & # 1050 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1071 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1050 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1044 ; & # 1045 ; & # 1052 ; & # 1048 ; & # 1071 ; & # 1043 ; & # 1054 ; & # 1057 ; & # 1059 ; & # 1044 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1056 ; & # 1057 ; & # 1058 ; & # 1042 ; & # 1045 ; & # 1053 ; & # 1053 ; & # 1054 ; & # 1049 ; & # 1057 ; & # 1051 ; & # 1059 ; & # 1046 ; & # 1041 ; & # 1067 ;

& # 1050 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1092 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; .

& # 1044 ; & # 1054 ; & # 1052 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1064 ; & # 1053 ; & # 1045 ; & # 1045 ; & # 1063 ; & # 1058 ; & # 1045 ; & # 1053 ; & # 1048 ; & # 1045 ;

& # 1055 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; : & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1082 ;

& # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; :

& # 8220 ; THE PEOPLE TRADE & # 8221 ;

& # 1042 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1083 ; : & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; 2- & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1072 ; Âûïîëíèë : ñòóäåíò 2-ãî êóðñà

208 & # 1075 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ;

& # 1089 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; 0211 & # 1063 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1042 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1095 ;

& # 1055 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1083 ; : C & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1051 ; . & # 1055 ; .

& # 1075 ; . & # 1057 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1056 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1058 ; & # 1054 ; & # 1042 ; 2000

& # 1057 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; NEWSWEEK JULY 3, 2000: “ THE PEOPLE TRADE ” .

“ THE PEOPLE TRADE ” .

Particular study.

Europe needs workers: immigrants want a better life. Inside the shady – and unsafe – universe of human smuggling.

Indide the imposts office in Dover, England, a facsimile machine chirruped.

Out came a message from the European Pathway, a P & A ; O Stena Line ferry that was churning across the channel from Zeebrugge, Belgium. The crew was dutifully alarming British governments to a leery truck, a large white Mercedes-Benz tractor haling a icebox unit purportedly filled with tomatoes. One of the last to board the ferry, the truck bore the name Van Der Spek TRANSPORT. The name of the house ( it would subsequently emerge that the company was merely four yearss old ) triggered scruples – possibly because it was close, but non indistinguishable, to that of an established Dutch hauling company. The path, said a British imposts spokesman, “ fit the profile of one that could be used to smuggle coffin nails, drugs or contraband… It was a intuition. ”

It was merely earlier midnight, Sunday, June 18, the hottest twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth, when the European Pathway pulled into Doverunder the metropolis ‘s landmark chalk drops. Customss functionaries were waiting for the Mercedes truck as it trundled off the ferry. They told the driver to endorse into Bay 9 of the review shed. Opening the large doors to the air-tight infrigidation container. they foremost came across palettes of crated tomatoes. Muscling the tomatoes aside, the officers found one organic structure. Then they found another organic structure, and so another and another. In all, they found 54 dead work forces, four dead adult females and two traumatized work forces cleaving to life – all of them immature Chinese, likely from Fujian state, who had been headed to Britain in hunt of occupations. “ I will ne’er bury the sight that greeted us when we opened the back doors, ” one of the imposts inspectors said, “ There were merely hemorrhoids and hemorrhoids of organic structures. ”

The catastrophe in Dover shook non merely Britain, where nil on such a graduated table, had of all time happened before, but all of Europe. From the boot of Italy to the bords of Norway, immigrants are come ining Europe in record Numberss. Pushed out of their ain states by economic adversity or political convulsion, they are drawn to Europe ‘s robust prosperity, particularly within the 15 states of the European Union. “ There is a strategic equetion that produces a monolithic push to immigrate, ” says Jean-Claude Chesnais at the national institute for Demographic Studies in Paris. Europe is relativelly little and really rich, with a population that hardly reproduces itself. “ And all around – in the former Soviet axis, in Asia, in South Asia and Africa – you have monolithic poorness, an absence of human rights and enermous population force per unit area, “ says Chesnais.

European concern urgently needs foreign labour – at the high and low terminals of the accomplishments graduated table. But the people of Europe are frequently uncomfortable with foreign workers. In the eyes of the electorate, the line between undocumented immigrants looking for occupations and asylum-seekers looking for political protection can go bleary. This is particularly true if the adult male who slips into Britain to work illicitly in a Soho kitchen is likely to use for refuge if he ‘s caught ; most Europe states that feel comfortable. So last hebdomad in Dover heartache over the destiny of the Chinese immigrants assorted with choler about the figure of people on the exterior who seem to desire in. “ The infirmaries are ever full of them and their kids, ” says Jonn Keith, a cab driver. “ They are cloggin up the system. They merely want everything for free. ”

Politicans are caught between the demands of the bottom line and the ballot box. “ We are non in a place to be a lifeboat for the whole universe, ” says Gwyn Prosser, Labour member of Parliament for Dover. In Britain, the force per unit areas on the Labour authorities to make somethinggare mounting. Last twelvemonth, the figure of refuge searchers was up 55 per centum over 1998, reflecting a steep rise in the figure of people seeking to come in the state illicitly. The authorities is reacting by doing the lifeboat a small less comfy – climinating, for case, such fringe benefits as hard currency benefits to anybody using for refuge. In the peculiar instance of Chinese migrators, their Numberss are besides lifting right now for grounds that have nil to make with Europe: the United States has cracked down on illegal Chinese in-migration, and Europe is taking up the slack. The Gallic experience is a instance in point: the figure of Chinese seeking refuge in France in 1999 was dual that of the twelvemonth earlier.

People-smuggling webs are the travel agents of illegal in-migration. Their concern is large and turning. The webs trafficking in Chinese migrators entirely are said to take in three billion dollars a twelvemonth. As the bets and Numberss rise, so make the hazards. Last twelvemonth 300000 undocumented immigrants made it make Italy. Many died seeking. So far this twelvemonth 180 people are known to hold died in Italian Waterss – frequently pushed into the sea and left to submerge by runners seeking to buoy up their boats to acquire off from Italian coast-guard patrols. Four yearss before the deceases at Dover, a Dutch organisation, United for Intercultural Action, announced that more than 2000 refugees and migrators have died seeking to acquire to Europe. Possibly an incident like the decease truck in Dover was inevitable. “ It is True you would handle your tomatoes better so [ the smugglies ] treated these people, ” says Wim De-Bruin, a spokesman for the National Public Prosecutor ‘s Office in Rotterdam. “ But the difference is that with tomatoes and other goods, you get paid when you deliver them in good status. ”

At the terminal of last hebdomad, the organic structures found in Dover remained unidentified. But British governments believe the Chinese began their journey in Fujian 30000 Dollars a caput clients of an extended smuggling web that move them from place to the English Channel exuberant coastal state in southeast China, Fujian is the chief get downing point on China ‘s emigrant traik ( box ) . Fujian is by no means China ‘s poorest state, but it sends an estimated 100000 emigres abroad each twelvemonth. People name one town “ widows ‘ small town ” because so many work forces have left their adult females behind. The Pressure to go forth Fujian is societal every bit good as economic. “ It ‘s like if you are non a lazy individual, so you should n’t be in mainland China, ” says Ko-Lin Chin, a professor at Rutgers University in the United States. “ Peoples will state, “ You ‘re non in your early 20s: why are you still here? ”

As intelligence of what happened in Dover reached the state, sorrowing dispersed rapidly. Fujian has sent so many of its boies and girls abroad that cipher was certain who had perished or non

in the decease truck. He Xiaohong was terrified that her 24 – twelvemonth old hubby, and uneven occupation painter named Cao Xianxin, was among the dead in Dover. On May 10 he left place for Britain, comforted by a promise that on his long journey he would be “ every bit safe as a tourer. ” He Xiaohong was in cryings last hebdomad as she vowed: “ If my hubby returns safely, he ‘ll hold to crush me to decease before I of all time let him go abroad like this once more. ”

The journey to the West is called “ sneaking across the H2O. ” It ‘s made possible by Fujainese ushers known as “ shellflowers. ” They are of import figures in their fatherland. “ Everybody knows who the shellflowers are, ” says Chen Mei Xing, a Fijianese who slipped into England a few hebdomads ago. “ He ‘s a man of affairs with a really hihg position. ” Harmonizing to USA governments, shellflowers are besides portion of Chinese packs known as Triads or Tongs. They Charge every bit much as 60000 dollars for a trip to the United States ; half as much for Britain. Typically, a down payment of 5 to 19 per centum is made up front. A migrator who uses the shellflower ‘s services can pass old ages refunding the debt. The Fijianese who emigrate see the fee as a smart investing. In the terminal Fujian benefits excessively. Fujianese migrators pump big amounts of money into the economic system they left buttocks. City functionaries in Changle ( population: 600000 ) estimation that locals who have gone abroad put 100 million dollars back into the metropolis ‘s economic system each twelvemonth in remittals to their households and belongings investings back place.

Not that long ago the finish more frequently than non was America ( “ The beautiful state ” ) . But in 1993 a bottom called the Golden Venture ran aground off Long Island, and 10 Chinese immigrants drowned seeking to swim to shore. The incident promted a series of crackdowns by the U.S. authorities. Thousands of Chinese still migrate to America – earlier this twelvemonth, three Fujiance were found dead in a transportation container in Seattle – but some of the traffic had shifted to other states.

Increasingly, Britain seems to be the alternate state of pick. The largest Chinese community in Europe is at that place. Language is an of import draw. Even though the authorities is cutting back benefits, they are still comparatively generous: nutrient verifiers ( alternatively of hard currency ) and lodging ( though refuge searchers can no longer take where to populate ) . Another ground for the rise in refuge searchers to Britain is that Germany has tightended up it is border controls. Anyone can claim refuge in Germany and remain for old ages while the instance goes through the tribunals. But under a 1994 jurisprudence German governments can turn away refugees along it is border before they set pes on German dirt and have a opportunity to use for refuge. This has caused the one-year figure of refugees coming into Germany to immerse from 513000 in 1993 to fewer than 100000 last twelvemonth.

Peoples – smuggling webs adjust rapidly to such alterations. In Fujian, one household ‘s 18 old ages old boy left place in April. Jin Xicai ( non his existent name ) wanted something more so this occupation mending nomadic phones in Fujian. The household could n’t afford to direct him to the Unites States, so it settled for the less dearly-won trip to Britain. On April 3, Jin hopped a train to Beijing, fall ining other manque emigres in the capital. Snaakeheads had promised him a plane drive to Europe, but alternatively Jin was hustled onto a train for the hebdomad – long trans – Siberian trek to Moscow. He crossed the China – Soviet union boundary line utilizing a echt Chinese passport. It had been procured on the black market ; the original exposure had been carefully razored off and replaced by a exposure of Jin.

When Jin phoned place from Moscow ; he said he was being held under armed guard. Snakeheads had confiscated his paperss, baggage and trim apparels to forestall him from get awaying. His following phone call came from someplace in the Czech Republic. To acquire at that place he had seemingly traveled by train, truck, even a Equus caballus – drawn cart. Then came a few more phone calls – from Germany and, eventually, Holland.

Jin ‘s phone calls point to a good – traveled path from Fujian to Europe ( map ) . Moscow is a fovered theodolite point because of relaxed visa demands for Chinese citizens. At any given clip there are said to be more than 200000 Chinese in Moscow en path to other states. Belgrade is another favourite, for the same ground. Serbian imperativeness studies say that 40000 Chinese have settled in Yugoslavia since 1995. From Belgrade it ‘s easy to steal into Western Europe via Bosnia ‘s porous frontiers.

& # 1050 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; .

“ THE PEOPLE TRADE ” .

Particular study.

Europe needs workers: immigrants want a better life. Inside the shady – and unsafe – universe of human smuggling. People-smuggling webs are the travel agents of illegal in-migration. Their concern is large and turning. The webs trafficking in Chinese migrators entirely are said to take in three billion dollars a twelvemonth.

Fujian & # 8211 ; the most impotant topographic point in the China, from people illicitly emigrate on West.

Fujian & # 8211 ; the centre of human smuggling. In the Asiatic states life really heavy and the people hunt of more worthy being. They choose the states which are really rich and in which it is possible to gain. The people try to acquire over through boundary line by any ways. They are ready even to travel in cold conditions to acquire in other state. Many died seeking. The emigres frequently choose England and Italy, as the state of the hereafter residing, but these states do non desire them to see at themselves. Because many emigres, which come, render injury to economic system, they fill in all infirmaries, all Parkss, all premises of metropolis, are engaged in illegal net incomes, and some who could non happen occupation, become felons. England and Italy actively struggle against illegal entryway of the emigres on district of the state.

It is favorable concern – human smuggling. Many attempt on it to gain. For the big money they promise to transport the people in other states, even without the paperss. These organisations search for ways to these states non straight through China, and theodolite through Russia or Czechia for illustration. Therefore it is really hard to the states to follow a flow of the emigres. Now states of Europe have a new undertaking. To fight non it is so much with the emigres, how much with organisations, which carry out an illegal manner of out-migration of the people.

The terminal.

The lexicon:

Smuggling & # 8211 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1072 ; .

Suspicious & # 8211 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; .

Authorities & # 8211 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; .

Hunch & # 8211 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; .

To trundle & # 8211 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; .

Piles – & # 1075 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1099 ; .

Calamity & # 8211 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; .

Political convulsion – & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1072 ; .

Europe ‘s robust prosperity – & # 1079 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1045 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1099 ; .

Desperately & # 8211 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; .

Asylum-seekers – & # 1080 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1072 ; .

Blurred & # 8211 ; c & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; .

Prosperous & # 8211 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1102 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1081 ; .

Pressures & # 8211 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ; .

Lifeboat – degree Celsius & # 1087 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1096 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1102 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; .

Benefits & # 8211 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1099 ; .

Slack & # 8211 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; .

Experience & # 8211 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1090 ; .

Trying to buoy up – & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; .

Lush & # 8211 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1096 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; .

To gauge & # 8211 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; .

Grieving & # 8211 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; .

Terrified & # 8211 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; .

Increasingly – & # 1074 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1077 ; .