Chapter 4
The Period of Enlightenment ( 1872-1898 )

Historical Background
After 300 old ages of passiveness under Spanish regulation. the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez. Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient grounds of guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to universe trade and with the coming of a broad leader in the individual of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. The Spaniards were unable to stamp down the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos.

The one time spiritual spirit transformed itself into one of patriotism and the Filipinos demanded alterations in the authorities and in the church. A. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT ( 1872-1896 )

This motion was spearheaded largely by the rational middle-class like Jose Rizal. Marcelo del Pilar ; Graciano Lopez Jaena. Antonio Luna. Mariano Ponce. Jose Ma. Panganiban. and Pedro Paterno. The aims of this motion were to seek reforms and alterations like the followers: 1. To acquire equal intervention for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the jurisprudence. 2. To do the Philippines a settlement of Spain.

3. To reconstruct Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of address. of the imperativeness. assembly and for damages of grudges.

B. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
There were three chief leaders of the Propaganda motion. They were Jose P. Rizal. Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Here are high spots about them and what they have done for our state. DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo Y Realonda was born on June 19. 1861 at Calamba. Laguna. His first instructor was his female parent Teodora Alonozo. He studied at the Ateneo de Manila. started medical specialty at UST and finished at the Universidad Central of Madrid. He besides studied at the University of Berlin. Leipzig and Heidelberg. He died by musketry in the custodies of the Spaniards on December 30. 1896 on charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards. His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang. His books and Hagiographas: 1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda motion and paved the manner to the revolution against Spain. In this book. he bravely exposed the immoralities in the Spanish-run authorities in the Philippines. The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel but a batch of interlingual renditions were able to come in stealthily in the state even if it means decease to those caught in ownership of them. The NOLI gave Philippine literature the immortal characters Maria Clara. Juan Crisostomo Ibarra. Elias. Sisa. Pilosofong Tasio. Dona Victorina. Kapitana Maria. Basilio and Crispin. Rizal had a powerful pen in the word picture of these characters. 2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO.

This is a subsequence to the NOLI. While the NOLI exposed the immoralities in society. the FILI exposed those in the authorities and in the church. However. the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is that of political relations.

3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS ( My Last Farewell ) . This was a verse form by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favourably with the best in the universe. It was merely after his decease when his name was affixed to the verse form.

4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS ( On the Indolence of the Filipinos ) . An essay on the alleged Filipino laziness and an rating of the grounds for such allegations.

5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN ANOS ( The Philippines within a Century ) . An essay foretelling the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and the decreasing involvement of Europe here. Rizal predicted that if there is any other coloniser of the Philippines in the hereafter. it would be the US.

6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA ( To the Filipino Youth ) . A poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino young person analyzing at UST.

7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES ( The Council of the Gods ) . An allegorical drama attesting esteem for Cervantes.

8. JUNTO AL PASIG ( Beside the Pasig River ) . Written by Rizal when he was 14 old ages of age.

9. ME PIDEN VERSOS ( You asked Me for Verses ) : 1882 and A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG ( To the Flowers of Heidelberg ) . Two verse forms attesting Rizal’s unusual deepness of emotion. 10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE MORGA ( Notes on Filipino Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga ) : 1889 11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA
( P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila ) 1882 MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel. Shrieking Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He was born at Cupang. San Nicolas. Bulacan on August 30. 1850. He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the immoralities of the Spanish authorities in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusals hurried at him by the priests. To avoid ostracism. he was forced to go to Spain in 1888. He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in printing a different Cathecism and Passion Book wherein they made merriment of the priests.

They besides made the DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from the word IGAT. a sort of snake fish caught in political relations. Upon his reaching in Spain. he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD. a paper which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the authorities could be worked out. Hagiographas of Marcelo H. del Pilar

1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA ( Love of Country ) . Translated from the Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal. published on August 20. 1882. in Diariong Tagalog.

2. KAIINGAT KAYO ( Be Careful ) . A humourous and sarcastic excavation in reply to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the fresh NOLI of Rizal. published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.

3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN ( Prayers and Jokes ) . Similar to a cathecism but sardonically done agains the parish priests. published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this. del Pilar was called “filibuster. ” Done in admirable tone of invocation and first-class usage of Tagalog.

4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS ( God’s Goodness ) . Published in Barcelona. it was besides like a cathecism sardonically aimed against the parish priests but besides contains a doctrine of the power and intelligence of God and an grasp for and love for nature.

5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS ( Answer to Spain on the Supplication of the Filipinos ) . A verse form pleading for alteration from Spain but that Spain is already old and weak to allow any assistance to the Philippines. This verse form is in reply to that of Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik SA Pilipinas ( A Plea from the Philippines ) .

6. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS ( Sovereignty in the Philippines ) . This shows the unfairnesss of the mendicants to the Pilipinos.

7. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA ( Passion that should elicit the Black Marias of the readers ) GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA ( 1856-1896 )

A most noteworthy hero and mastermind of the Philippines. Graciano Lopez Jaena was born on December 18. 1856 and died on January 20. 1896. The pride of Jaro. Iloilo. he won the esteem of the Spaniards and Europeans. He is a known author and speechmaker in the Philippines. He wrote 100 addresss which were published by Remigio Garcia. former bookshop proprietor in Manila Filatica and which are still read up to no by modern Filipinos. Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the aid of Don Claudio Lopez. a rich uncle. in order to get away punishment organize his enemies and arrived at Valencia. the centre of the Republican motion of the Spaniards. From Valencia. he moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. This ulterior became the official voice of the Association Hispano de Filipinas ( a Filipino-Spanish Association ) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this. Jaena successfully showed the Spaniards and the people of the universe how a correspondent can present alterations in jurisprudence and reforms towards a better life and advancement. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena

1. ANG FRAY BOTOD ( Friar Botod ) . One of his plants written in Jaro. Iloilo in 1876. six old ages after the Cavite Revolt assailing the mendicants in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the mendicants were avaricious. ambitious and immoral.

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE ( The Child of the Friar ) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG ( Everything is mere show ) . Here Jaena explains the calamity of get marrieding a Spaniard. 3. SA MGA PILIPINO…1891… A address which aimed to better the status of the Filipinos to go free and progressive.

4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS ( An Oration to Commemorate Columbus ) . A address he delivered in Madrid on the 39th day of remembrance of the find of America

5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884. Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal intervention of the Filipinos.

6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A sincere look of congratulations for the pictures of Hidalgo on the status of the Filipinos under the Spaniards.

7. AMOR A ESPANA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS ( Love for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos ) . The subject is about how misss were taught Spanish in schools and whose instructors were the governors-general of the topographic point.

8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS ( Banditry in the Philippines ) . Jaena refuted the being of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should be Torahs on robbery and other reforms. 9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS ( Honor in the Philippines ) . The exultant expounding of Luna. Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives award to the Philippines. 10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS ( Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines ) 11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS ( Sufferings of the Philippines ) . Jaena refers here to the incorrect direction of instruction in the Philippines 1887. B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS

ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna was a druggist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his Hagiographas to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his plants dealt with Filipino imposts and others were accusals about how the Spaniards ran the authorities. His pen name was Tagailog. Some of his plants are:

1. NOCHE BUENA ( Christmas Eve ) . It pictured true Filipino life.

2. SE DEVIERTEN ( How They Diverted Themselves ) . A excavation at a dance of the Spaniards where the people were really crowded.

3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA ( A Filipino Conference or Feast ) . Depicts a Filipino usage which he believed was much better than the Spanish.

4. POR MADRID ( For Madrid ) . A denunciation of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is a settlement of Spain but who think of Filipinos as aliens when it comes to roll uping revenue enhancements for casts.

5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES ( The Landlady’s House ) . Depicts a landlady who looks for lodgers non for money but in order to acquire a hubby for her kid. MARIANO PONCE

Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief. biographer and research worker of the Propaganda Movement. He used Tikbalang. Kalipulako. and Naning as pennames. The common subjects of his plants were the values of instruction. He besides wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the aliens and of the jobs of his countrymen. Among his Hagiographas were:

1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN ( Legend of Bulacan ) . Contains legends. and folklores of his native town.

2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS ( The Beheading of Longinos ) . A drama shown at the place of Malolos. Bulacan.

3. SOBRE FILIPINOS ( About the Filipinos )

4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA ( The Filipinos in Indo-China ) PEDRO PATERNO
Pedro Paterno was a bookman. research worker and novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He besides joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asosacion Hispano-Pilipino in order to foster the purposes of the Movement. He was the first Filipino author who escaped censoring of the imperativeness during the last twenty-four hours of the Spanish colonisation. The following were a few of his wrtings:

1. NINAY. The first societal novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE ( To My Mother ) . Shows the importance of a female parent particularly in the place. 3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS ( Sampaguitas and Varied Poems ) . A aggregation of his verse form. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his individuality behind his penname JORMAPA. He was besides known for holding photographic head. He was a member of a figure of motions for the state. Some of his Hagiographas were: 1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN ( My Native Land )

2. ANG AKING BUHAY ( My Life )

3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO ( Your Study Plan )

4. EL PENSAMIENTO ( The Thinking ) C. PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION ( 1896-1898 )

Historical Background
The Filipinos did non acquire the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The authorities turned deaf ears to these requests ; subjugation continued and the church and the authorities became even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good purposes of Spain were reversed by the mendicants who were lording it over in the Philippines. Because of this. non a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina ( a civic organisation suspected of being radical and which triggered Rizal’s ostracism to Dapitan ) .

Like Andres Bonifacio. Emilio Jacinto. Apolinario Mabini. Jose Palma. and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other manner except to revolt. The effect of literature contained largely accusals against the authorities and was meant to elicit the people to unify and to fix for independency. D. THE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ACTIVE REVOLUTION

The celebrated leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio. Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. These are their parts to our state. ANDRES BONIFACIO

Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy. but more than others. as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in set uping the Kataas-taasan. Kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ( KKK ) . Andres Bonifacio came from a hapless household and it is said that what he learned he got from the school of experience. He was a rapacious reader and among those he loved to read which aroused his radical spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal. He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom particularly when Rizal was banished to Dapitan. Mindanao. Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary instead than a author but he besides wrote things which paved the manner for the revolution and which besides became portion of our literature. Among his plants were:

1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG ( What the Tagalogs Should Know )

2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN ( Obligations of Our Countrymen ) .

3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA ( Love of One’s Native Land ) . A verse form with a rubric similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.

4. HULING PAALAM ( Last Farewell ) . A interlingual rendition of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog. EMILIO JACINTO

Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent helper of Andres Bonifacio in the constitution of the Katipunan. He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan ( Freedom ) a Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his authorship of the Kartilya in respect to Jacinto’s work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was the 1 followed by the members of the organisation. Here are few of his Hagiographas: 1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN ( A primer book on the Katipunan )

2. LIWANAG AT DILIM ( Light and Darkness ) . A aggregation of essays on different topics like freedom. work. religion. authorities. love of state.

3. A MI MADRE ( To My Mother ) . A affecting ode to his female parent.

4. A LA PATRIA ( To My Country ) . His chef-d’oeuvre.
APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution. He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his Republic in Malolos. His parts to literature were composing on authorities society. doctrine and political relations. Here are some of his plants: 1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO ( The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments ) . This was his chef-d’oeuvre and his purpose here was to propagate the spirit of patriotism. 2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA ( The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic ) 3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO ( To the Filipino Nation )

4. PAHAYAG ( News )
OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS
JOSE PALMA – Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino ( The Philippine National Anthem ) which was set to music by Julian Felipe. He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio del Pilar. the youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution. Aside from the National Anthem. here are his other plants: 1. MELANCOLIAS ( Melancholies ) . A aggregation of his verse forms.

2. DE MI JARDIN ( In My Garden ) . A verse form showing one’s yearnings for his sweetie.

E. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION
In the attempt of the Revolutionists to distribute to the universe their yearnings for their state. many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. They were: 1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the edicts of the Revolutionary Government. intelligence and works in Tagalog that aroused patriotism. 2. LA INDEPENDENCIA ( Independence ) . Edited by Antonio Luna and whose purpose was for Filipino Independence. 3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA ( The Philippine Republic ) . Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898. 4. LA LIBERTAD ( Liberty ) . Edited by Clemente Zulueta.