Faculty OF HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY

the usage of common names in idiomatic looks the usage of common names in idiomatic looks

Course Paper

The Student: xxxxxxxx

2009

Contentss

Introduction

1. What is an parlance?

1.1 The significance of parlances

1.2 The construction of parlances

1.3 The classs of parlances

2. Common names

2.1 Characteristic of Proper nouns

2.2 Place names

2.3 Personal names

3. Practical Chapter. The usage of proper names in parlances

3.1 The methodological analysis of the research

3.2 Parlances with personal names

3.3 Parlances with topographic point names

4. Groups of personal names

4.1 Parlances with topographic point names

Decisions

Mentions

Introduction

The subject
of the paper is & # 8220 ; The usage of common names in idiomatic looks & # 8221 ; .

The topic
of the present paper is based on the roll uping common names from idiomatic looks. The term & # 8220 ; common names & # 8221 ; refers to proper names. Proper names are names of individuals, topographic points or certain particular things. In the English linguistic communication proper names are typically capitalized nouns. They have a figure of certain characteristics as good & # 8211 ; they are non used in the plural and are non preceded by adjectives, articles, numbers, demonstratives, or other qualifiers. There are some sorts of proper nouns:

& # 183 ; Place names.

& # 183 ; Personal names.

& # 183 ; Diacritical marks.

The purpose
of the work is to analyse the common names of English parlances, their types, characteristics and construction. This paper will demo the beginnings of the proper nouns used in idiomatic looks.

The followersaims
of the research have been set:

1. To supply theoretical grounds and discuss on idiomatic English.

2. To analyze English idiomatic lexicons.

3. To compare, analyze and sort parlances with personal and topographic point names.

Research methods:

1. Descriptive-theoretical literary analysis provided a possibility to reexamine legion issues refering characteristics of proper nouns.

2. Contrastive lingual analysis is besides used in the work with the purpose finding the frequence or strength of common names usage in relation with idiomatic looks.

Relevance of the work:

As noted by an increasing figure of idiomatic bookmans, it is clearly debatable to presume that idioms organize a homogenous category of lingual points. Careful attending must be paid to the many syntactic, lexical, semantic and matter-of-fact differences that exist among words and phrases that are by and large judged as idiomatic. The probe of a broad scope of parlances clearly demonstrates that many parlances are decomposable and have nonliteral significances that are at least partially motivated. Many parlances have single constituents that independently contribute to what these phrases figuratively mean as wholes.

The positions and attacks such bookmans as A. Makkai, M. Everaert, R. Moreno helped to analyse idiomatic English subject in more elaborate manner.

The construction of the work:

The paper consists of debut, three chapters, decisions, mentions and practical forms.

A study of theoretical issues necessary for the analysis is presented below.

1. What is an Idiom?

The ultimate roof of the term parlance
is the Grecian lexeme parlances
, intending
& # 8220 ; ain, private, curious & # 8221 ; ( J. Strassel: 1982:13 ) .

In different lexicons there could be found rather a batch different explicating what an parlance is. There are some of the definitions:

1. An parlance is an look whose significance is non predictable from the usual significances of its constitutional elements or from the general grammatical regulations of a linguistic communication and that is non a component of a larger look of like features ( Random House Dictionary: 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browde/idiom )

2. Idiom & # 8211 ; an look with a significance that can non be guessed from the significances of the single words. ( English Dictionary for Speaker of Lithuanian, 2000 ) .

3. An idiom typical of the natural manner in which person speaks or writes when they are utilizing their ain linguistic communication. ( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: 2003 ) .

4. Idiom & # 8211 ; a group of words that has a particular significance that is different from the ordinary significance of each separate word. ( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: 2003 ) .

5. Idiom & # 8211 ; a signifier of look, grammatical building, phrase, etc. , peculiar to a individual or linguistic communication ; a phrase which is understood by talkers of a peculiar linguistic communication despite its significance & # 8217 ; s non being predictable from that of the separate words. ( Oxford Talking Dictionary ) .

6. An idiomis a phrase where the words together have a significance that is different from the dictionary definitions of the single words, which can do parlances hard for ESL pupils and scholars to understand ( Dictionary of English parlances and idiomatic looks: www.usingenglish.com.reference/idioms ) .

Harmonizing to Ifill T. ( 2002:78 ) parlances are as & # 8220 ; those that talker can non work out merely by cognizing the grammar and the vocabulary of a linguistic communication & # 8221 ; . Harmonizing to J. Saeed ( 2003:60 ) parlances are & # 8220 ; words collocated together go on to go fossilised, going fixed over clip & # 8221 ; . This is the ground why parlances are set out as non-compositional.

Parlances are used in a broad assortment of contexts and state of affairss. They are frequently used in spoken linguistic communication, in state of affairss that range from friendly conversations to concern meetings. Parlances are used in written English every bit good, particularly in news media where authors often use them to convey their narratives to life.

Knowing the significance of parlances allow understand the smallest polishs of the linguistic communication. However, it is rather hard to understand the exact significance of the parlance of the foreign linguistic communication because it is related with some sort of jobs that are named in the farther chapter.

1.1 The significance of parlances

An parlance is a sequence of words which has a different significance as a group from the significance it would hold if you understood each word individually. Idioms add colour to the linguistic communication, assisting us to stress significance and to do our observations, judgements and accounts lively and interesting. They are besides really utile tools for pass oning a great trade of significance in merely a few words.

Knowing whether an look receives a actual significance or an idiomatic significance is of import for natural linguistic communication processing applications that require some kind of semantic reading.

Parlances are permeant in all manners of linguistic communication usage. The job they present to the theoretical and computational linguist is non the fact that their significance can non be worked out by the usual mechanisms, for if it were non for other factors this could be overcome by handling them as & # 8216 ; large & # 8217 ; lexical points to be looked up in a list in a reasonably straightforward manner.

Idiom is defined as look that does non intend what it literally said. You can non understand the significance of whole parlance seting the significances of each word from which consists parlance together. Put every bit merely as possible, an parlance is a fixed look whose significance can non be taken as a combination of the significances of its constituent parts. Therefore, the common phrase kick the pail
has nil to make with either kicking or pails, but means merely, & # 8220 ; to die. & # 8221 ; Idiom has the intending merely as a unit and has lexical and grammatical stableness every bit good. If you look at the single words, it may non even make sense grammatically. Harmonizing to M. Everaert ( 1995 ) , an parlance is an institutionalised look which overall significance does non match to the combined significances of its constituent parts. Many parlances are intuitively nontransparent: their significance is difficult to think without a particular context or old exposure. In malice of that, really few parlances are fixed in signifiers. These characteristics we will discussed in our following chapter.

1.2 The construction of Idioms

As it was said in our old chapter, parlances are non assorted in signifier. One portion of the phrase can be let out, for illustration, person has been around the block ( a few proceedingss )
can be said without the words a few times
, although the significance remains the same. This technique is besides used for parlances which have become clich & # 1081 ; s and are hence frequently shortened, such as you can take a Equus caballus to H2O ( but you can & # 8217 ; Ts make him imbibe ) .
Some parlances can hold any word inserted, depending on what the talker is depicting. For illustration, in the parlance the ____ of person & # 8217 ; s dreams
the underline infinite indicates that the scope of nouns, adjectives, etc which could be inserted is limitless.

In add-on to that, the chief parlance can hold several less popular versions. For illustration, sell like hot bars ( go like hot bars ) .
It shows that parlances are non frozen units. In internal construction of parlances there besides could be found some alterations. Let us get down with the most minimum manner in which an parlance can be altered from its base signifier: morphology:

1.

a. I will take them to task for their laziness.

b. I am taking them to task for their laziness.

c. I took them to task for their laziness.

d. I have taken them to task for their laziness.

2.

a. George and Simon have their ups and downs.

b. George and Simon are holding their ups and downs.

c. George and Simon had their ups and downs.

In these illustration sets, we will analyse the parlances take
NP to task
and hold one & # 8217 ; s ups and downs
to be the listed signifiers of the parlances in ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . These illustrations clearly show that the verb tense can be changed in the internal construction of the parlance. We can do a decision that those parlances which were classified as & # 8220 ; wholly frozen & # 8221 ; exhibit this sort of behaviour ( trip the light antic
vs. stumbling the light antic
vs. tripped the light antic
) ( M. Everaert: 1995:45 ) .

It has been widely noted that the single words in an parlance can non be replaced by equivalent word and still retain the idiomatic reading of the phrase. This is what qualifies them as fixed signifiers. In most non-idiomatic discourse, a talker can utilize synonymy to make a new sentence with the same semantic significance. That means that altering a word from the parlance with its equivalent word we will non acquire the synonymic parlance. In malice of that, parlances can be synonymous among themselves. For illustration:

John kicked the pail.

John kicked the bucket.

One thing that is readily noticeable about parlances is that many seem to defy undergoing transmutations that similar non-idiomatic buildings can readily undergo while retaining the same sense. For illustration:

John kicked the pail.

The pail was kicked by John.

In malice of that sentence is transformed its significance remains the same.

All these alterations can be found in all classs of parlances.

1.3 The classs of Parlances

Parlances have been classified into several groups. Many parlances are derived from the names of organic structure parts and bodily maps:

& # 183 ; cover one ‘s dorsum
& # 8211 ;
make something to protect yourself from unfavorable judgment or future incrimination ;

& # 183 ; blood, perspiration, and cryings
& # 8211 ;
great personal attempt ;

& # 183 ; in cold blood
–
without feeling ;

& # 183 ; feel ( something ) in one ‘s castanetss
& # 8211 ;
sense something, have an intuition about something.

Other large group is parlances derived from animate beings names:

& # 183 ; every bit weak as a kitty
& # 8211 ;
weak, sickly ;

& # 183 ; hit the bulls-eye
& # 8211 ;
to make the chief point of something ;

& # 183 ; dog-eat-dog
& # 8211 ;
ready or willing to contend and ache others to acquire what one wants ;

& # 183 ; monkey see, tamper do
& # 8211 ;
person transcripts something that person else does.

The 3rd large group is parlances derived from nutrient and fixing it:

& # 183 ; full of beans
– to experience energetic, to be in high liquors ;

& # 183 ; grist for the factory
– something that can be used to convey advantage or net income ;

& # 183 ; take the bar
– to be the best or worst of something ;

& # 183 ; cook ( person ‘s ) goose
– to damage or destroy person.

Those are three the most common groups of parlances in English linguistic communication. All these parlances are based on day-to-day life events. They have risen from day-to-day modus operandi, from following the carnal & # 8217 ; s behaviour every bit good as the human & # 8217 ; s organic structure reaction to different state of affairss. They are frequently used in every twenty-four hours & # 8217 ; s address and they are rather apprehensible.

Other parlances are rather rare in English linguistic communication. For illustration, political relations parlances:

& # 183 ; organic structure political relations
& # 8211 ;
A group of people organized under a individual authorities or authorization ( national or regional ) ;

& # 183 ; 5th editorialist
& # 8211 ;
a member of a insurgent organisation who tries to assist an enemy invade ;

& # 183 ; on the stump
& # 8211 ;
politicians are runing for support and ballots.

One rarer group is parlances based on offenses and constabulary every bit good:

& # 183 ; behind bars
& # 8211 ;
to be in prison ;

& # 183 ; new sheriff in town
& # 8211 ; a new authorization figure takes charge ;

& # 183 ; after the fact
– after something ( a offense etc. ) has occurred.

These looks are rather hard to understand. For illustration, idiom new sheriff in town
could be understood as a fact that a town has truly got a new sheriff.

The class with common names in parlances is non the smallest one but it is non the most common one. We could state with some exclusions.

For illustration, parlances are widely known and apprehensible every bit good as common used in English linguistic communication. This class we will analyse in our work.

& # 183 ; Achilles list
& # 8211 ;
a individual ‘s weak topographic point ;

& # 183 ; Adam & # 8217 ; s apple
& # 8211 ;
a bump in the pharynx, largely seen in work forces.

2. Common names

Common name & # 8211 ; a noun that is non usually preceded by an article or other restricting qualifier, as any or some, and that is arbitrary used to denote a peculiar individual, topographic point, thing without respect to any descriptive significance the word or phrase may hold, as Lincoln, Beth Pittsburgh. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com ) . Common names are besides called proper names.

Harmonizing to Valeika ( 2003:44 ) , & # 8220 ; a proper noun is the name of a peculiar member of a category or of a set of peculiar members & # 8221 ; . Besides Valeika ( 2003 ) introduces to the thought that the map of a proper noun or name is the same as definite article, because both are particularizes: Smith
means the adult male Smith/the Smith adult male
. Therefore, the presented thought reveals the difference between the definite article and proper noun, because the add-on of the proper name cause to go the common name semantically unneeded and it is dropped in the surface construction.

Another difference added by Valeika ( 2003 ) concerns the manner the two manners of calling explain the job of the singularity of mention: proper names are non ever proper, because they may mention to more single. As the effect, this shows that proper names may work as common names.

Next, when proper names have no alone mention they behave like common names.

The common significance of the word or words representing a proper noun may be unrelated to the object to which the proper noun refers. For illustration, person might be named “ Tiger Smith ” despite being neither a tiger nor a Smith. For this ground, proper nouns are normally non translated between linguistic communications, although they may be transliterated.

For illustration, the German family name Kn & # 1094 ; del
becomes Knodel
or Knoedel
in English ( non the actual Dumpling
) . However, the written text of topographic point names and the names of sovereign, Catholic Popes, and non-contemporary writers is common and sometimes cosmopolitan. For illustration, the Portuguese word Lisboa
becomes Lisbon
in English ; the English London
becomes Londres
in French ; and the Greek & # 7945 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1092 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1092 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1070 ; & # 1090 ; ( Aristotel & # 275 ; s )
becomes Aristotle in English ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org ) .

2.1 Characteristic of Proper nouns

A proper noun is first of all a sort of noun. Like other nouns, a proper noun may label a individual, topographic point, or thing, and may label a concrete object or an abstraction. Most proper nouns refer to a specific individual & # 8211 ; Julius Caesar
, a specific topographic point & # 8211 ; Istanbul
, a specific establishment or organisation & # 8211 ; the Red Cross
, or a specific event & # 8211 ; the Renaissance
. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wiktionary.org ) . In English, there are a few typical features which permit proper nouns to be recognized. A proper noun typically
:

1. … has its initial missive capitalized.

2. … is non used in the plural.

3. … is non preceded by adjectives, articles, numbers, demonstratives, or other qualifiers.

A philosophical consideration of proper nouns finds three belongingss:

& # 183 ; Uniqueness of referent.
Harmonizing to J. S. Mill ( 1843 ) , proper nouns place a specific thing, one that is alone. The distinction, hence, between general names, and single or remarkable names, is cardinal ; and may be considered as the first expansive division of names. A general name is closely pr & # 1081 ; cised, a name which is able of conveying genuinely affirmed, in the same sense, of each of an indefinite figure of things. An single or remarkable name is a name which is merely able of being genuinely affirmed, in the same sense, of one thing.

& # 183 ; Specificity
of label.
J. Locke ( 1869 ) noted that this belongings originates from the manner in which proper nouns are used to divide one peculiar point from all other similar 1s. Likewise individuals, states, metropoliss, rivers, mountains, and other differentiations of topographic point have normally found curious names, and that for the same ground ; they being such as work forces have frequently an juncture to tag peculiarly, and, as it were, set before others in their discourses with them.

& # 183 ; Does non leave intension or properties.
Harmonizing to J. S. Mill ( 1843 ) , proper nouns do non transport intending other than as a label for a specific object and they are non translated. Thus, adult male
is capable of being genuinely affirmed of John, Peter, George, and other individuals without conveyable bounds: and it is affirmed of all of them in the same sense ; for the word adult male
expresses certain qualities, and when we predicate it of those individuals, we flatly province that they all own those qualities. But John
is merely capable of being genuinely affirmed of one individual individual, at least in the same sense. For although there are many individuals who bear that name, it is non conferred upon them to bespeak any qualities, or anything which belongs to them in common ; and can non be said to be affirmed of them in any sense
at all, accordingly non in the same sense.

Proper names could be divided into several groups:

1. Topographic point names ;

2. Personal names ;

3. Diacritical marks.

In our work we will research topographic point and personal names in the parlances.

2.2 Place names

Geographical or topographic point names are the nouns we use to mention to specific topographic points and geographic characteristics. They are besides called place name.

Place name can be both topographic point names, existent or fanciful, every bit good as names derived from topographic points or parts. They can be found in many different spheres of industry, endeavor, civilization, and current events. It is non unusual to happen place name used for topographic points that withdraw other topographic points, every bit good as wars, pacts and understandings, sets, nutrient, and cloth, among other points ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-toponym.htm ) . For illustration, there are many topographic points get downing with the word new
that are toponyms named to remember or honour other topographic points. In North America & # 8211 ; New Hampshire
named after Hampshire
, England ; New Jersey
named for the Isle of Jersey
in the English Channel ; New Mexico
, remembering the state to south ; New York,
after York
, England ; and the Canadian state Nova Scotia
, which means & # 8220 ; New Scotland.
& # 8221 ; Toponyms can be found in about every domain of our life.

Some contemporary sets have toponyms for their name. Chicago
( the American stone set formed ) takes its name from the metropolis of Chicago.
The Manhattan Transportation
( an American vocal group ) has a name that is a toponym once-removed: it is named after fresh Manhattan Transportation
by John Dos Passos, after Manhattan Transfer train station
in Harrison, New Jersey. The stone group Styx,
originally called The Tradewinds
, drew their toponymic 2nd name from the river in Grecian mythology. The Shangri-Las,
named after the Himalayan Utopia in James Hilton & # 8217 ; s novel, Lost Horizon
, was an all-girl American dad three.

A figure of cloths have toponyms that notice their topographic point of beginning. The shirt cloth called Oxford
takes its name from Oxford,
England. The two thick cotton stuffs used for bloomerss, jean and denim, are both place names: the first derives from the fact that it came from N & # 1086 ; Maines
, France & # 8211 ; & # 8220 ; de N & # 1086 ; mes & # 8221 ; , Jeans
comes from the Gallic pronunciation & # 8211 ; G & # 1082 ; nes & # 8211 ; of its metropolis of beginning, Genoa
.

There are place name of nutrient as good. Hamburgers
, named for Hamburg,
Germany, and hotdogs
or hot dogs, named for Frankfurt
, Germany. Besides, two monikers for java, Java and Mocha
, citing metropoliss in Indonesia and Yemen. Tangerines
are a popular fruit named for Tangiers
, Morocco, but the Barbados cherry, Natal
plum, and Java
plum might be less familiar. Using the name “ Champagne, ”
a name for scintillating vino, is illegal in a figure of parts of the universe unless the merchandise originates in the Champagne part
of France.

In add-on to that, the well-known names are derived from place name:

& # 183 ; Event and understandings. For illustration, Jackon State
( Mississippi ) & # 8211 ; the Jackon Statelkilling
in 1970 ; Maastricht
( The Netherlands ) & # 8211 ; the Maastrict pact
of 1992 ; Potsdam
( Germany ) & # 8211 ; the Potsdam Conference
in 1945. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/ ) .

& # 183 ; Cheese: Edam
after town of Edam
in the Netherlands
; Parmesan
, from Parma Italy
; Roquefort
after a small town in southern France. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/ ) .

& # 183 ; Wine: Bordeaux
, Chablis
, Madeira vino
, a bastioned vino and Plum in Madeira
, a sweet & # 8211 ; Madeira islands
of Portugal. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/ ) .

& # 183 ; Corporations: Nokia, Vaasa, Raisio
& # 8211 ; some corporations whose name is merely the same as their original location. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/ ) .

& # 183 ; Derivations from literary or fabulous topographic points: Paradise
, any paradisaical country, named after the spiritual Garden of Eden
; El Dorado
, any country of great wealth, after the fabulous metropolis of gold ; utopia
, term for organized society & # 8211 ; Utopia
, fictional democracy from the book of the same name. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/ ) .

2.3 Personal names

Personal names are the names given to people, but can be used every bit good for some animate beings ( like race Equus caballuss ) and natural or semisynthetic inanimate objects ( like ships and geological formations ) . As proper nouns, are about ever first-letter capitalized. Exceptions are made when the given person does non desire their name to be capitalized, and the small letter discrepancy has received regular and established usage in dependable 3rd party beginnings. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_article ) . Personal names are transcribed into English spelling but by and large non Anglicized or translated between linguistic communications ; it was besides mentioned in the instance with topographic point names.

Let us look at the illustrations:

Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin
( & # 1040 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1057 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1077 ; & # 769 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1055 ; & # 1091 ; & # 769 ; & # 1096 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ;
) was a & # 8230 ;

Canute (
sometimes Cnut
; Danish Knud
) is the & # 8230 ;

Personal names are besides called eponyms
. An eponym is a word derived from the names of existent, fictional, fabulous or specious character or individual ( ) . One who is referred to as eponymic is person that gives their name to something, e.g. Julian, the eponymic proprietor of the celebrated eating house Julian ‘s Castle.

In different civilizations, clip periods have frequently been named after the individual who ruled during that period:

& # 183 ; One of the first recorded instances of eponymy occurred in the 2nd millenary BC, when the Assyrians named each twelvemonth after a high functionary ( limmu
) .

& # 183 ; In Ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of bespeaking a twelvemonth was to advert the two one-year consuls who served in that twelvemonth. For illustration, the twelvemonth we know as 59 BCE would hold been described as & # 8220 ; the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar
& # 8221 ; . Under the imperium, the consuls would alter every bit frequently as every two months, but merely the two consuls at the beginning of the twelvemonth would impart their names to that twelvemonth.

& # 183 ; In the Christian epoch, many royal families used eponymic dating by imperial old ages. Although The Roman Catholic Church eventually used the Anno Domini
dating strategy based on the birth of Jesus on both the general populace and royalty.

& # 183 ; Government disposals or political tendencies frequently become eponymic with a authorities leader. North American illustrations include the Nixon Era, Trudeaumania, Jeffersonian economic sciences, Jacksonian democracy
, McCarthyism, Thatcherism, Kennedy & # 8217 ; s Camelot
or Reaganomics
.

& # 183 ; British sovereigns have turned eponymic throughout the English speech production universe for clip periods, manners, etc. For illustration, Elizabethan, Edwardian, Georgian and Victorian
( www.wikipedia.org ) .

Topographic points and towns can besides be given an eponymic name through a relationship ( existent or imagined ) to an of import figure. Peloponnese
, for illustration, was said to deduce its name from the Greek God Pelops
. In historical times, new towns have frequently been named after their laminitiss, inventors, or after noteworthy persons. In scientific discipline and engineering, finds and inventions are frequently named after the inventor ( or supposed inventor ) or to honour some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadro & # 8217 ; s figure, the Diesel engine, Mt, Alzheimer & # 8217 ; s disease
and the Apgar mark.
Some books, movies, picture, and Television shows have one or more eponymic chief characters: Robinson Crusoe, the Harry Potter
series, Seinfield
and I love Lucy,
for illustration.

There are 1000s of eponyms in mundane usage of English linguistic communication today and survey of them yields a absorbing penetration into the rich heritage of the universe & # 8217 ; s most popular linguistic communication and its development ( hypertext transfer protocol: //users.tinyonline.co.uk/gswithenbank/eponyms.htm ) . The list of subjects where eponyms can be found is really long and assorted:

& # 183 ; Albums: David Bowie
: David Bowie ; Cher
: Cher.
( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Proverbs: Murphy & # 8217 ; s jurisprudence
& # 8211 ; ascribed to Edward A. Murphy
who stated & # 8220 ; If there ‘s more than one manner to make a occupation, and one of those ways will stop in catastrophe, so person will make it that way. & # 8221 ; ( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Adjectives: parkinsonian & # 8211 ; James Parkinson
( as in parkinsonian syndrome
) , Stalinist -Joseph Stalin
. ( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Cartoon characters: Baby Face Finlayson
, from The Beano
amusing & # 8211 ; Baby Face Nelson, Nero,
Belgian amusing character by Marc Sleen
is named after the Roman emperor Nero.
( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Chemical elements: Cm
( Cm, 96 ) & # 8211 ; Pierre
and Marrie Curie
, Pm
( Pm, 61 ) & # 8211 ; Prometheus
, a Titan from Greek mythology. ( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Human anatomical parts: Achilles tendom
& # 8211 ; Achilles
, Grecian fabulous character, Adam & # 8217 ; s apple
& # 8211 ; Adam
, Biblical character. ( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Political orientations: Leninism
& # 8211 ; after Vladimir Lenin
, Maoism
& # 8211 ; after Mao Zedong.
( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Inventions: Braille
& # 8211 ; Louis Braille
, Diesel engine
& # 8211 ; Rudolph Diesel
. ( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Mathematical theorems: Platinum

olemaios theorem
( geometry ) , Atkinson & # 8217 ; s theorem ( geometry ) , Atkinson’s theorem
( operator theory ) . ( www.wikipedia.org ) ( operator theory ) . ( www.wikipedia.org )

& # 183 ; Prizes, awards and decorations: Nobel Prize
& # 8211 ; Albert Nobel
, O. Henry Awards
& # 8211 ; O. Henry.
( www.wikipedia.org )

3. Practical Chapter. The usage of proper names in parlances

3.1 The methodological analysis of the Research

The purpose of the research work is to analyse the usage of proper names in English parlances and to place beginnings of these names. Parlances were classified into two groups: with personal names and with topographic point names. The definitions of the collocated parlances were presented every bit good and they were illustrated with illustrations. The range of the work is 97 parlances which were selected from the undermentioned beginnings:

& # 183 ; Longman Idioms Dictionary ( 1999 ) .

& # 183 ; www.dictionary.com.

& # 183 ; www.usingenglish.com.

The distribution of all taken illustrations is shown in figure No. 1.

Figure No.1 Kinds of parlances

Research methods employed in the work are as follow:

& # 183 ; Descriptive-theoretical literary analysis
provided a possibility to reexamine legion issues refering characteristics of proper nouns.

& # 183 ; Statistical method & # 8211 ;
was good for the processing of the consequences of the empirical portion of the research.

The English linguistic communication has rather a long list of parlances. Parlances with personal and place names among all the parlances are non the prevailing 1s. To compare both parlances with personal and topographic point names researched in our work we can pull a decision than parlances with personal names are used more often in the English linguistic communication. In our beginnings we have found merely 24 1s with topographic point names and even 73 parlances with personal names, in per centum manner, consequently 25 % and 75 % . For illustration:

& # 183 ; Be robbing Peter to pay Paul & # 8211 ;
to take money from one portion of a system or organisation that needs it and utilize it for another portion of the system or organisation, so that you deal with one trouble but still hold jobs. ( Longman Idiom Dictionary:1999:261 ) . Parlance with personal names.

& # 183 ; New York minute & # 8211 ;
( USA ) if something happens in a New York minute, it happens really fast. ( www.usingenglish.com ) . Idiom with topographic point name.

3.2 Parlances with personal names

We have analyzed 73 parlances with personal names and while analysing the parlance we have noticed that they could be divided into groups harmonizing to their beginnings. We distinguished the undermentioned groups:

1. Name callings derived from mythology.

2. Name callings derived from faith.

3. Name callings based on characters of the books, movies, sketchs etc.

4. Name callings derived from common people mythology.

5. Name callings of the existent individuals.

6. Others.

Consequences of this analysis are shown in figure & # 8470 ; 2.

Figure & # 8470 ; 2.Origin of personal names in parlances

Harmonizing to the consequences we made decisions that faith and mass media influence people & # 8217 ; s linguistic communication the most. Parlances with these names are rather popular and really frequently used in spoken linguistic communication. For illustration, parlances based on faith characters:

1. Raise Cain & # 8211 ;
to kick a batch about something in an angry or noisy manner because you are determined to acquire what you want ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

2. Put the fright of God into person
& # 8211 ; to do person feel frightened of making something incorrect by doing them recognize the bad things that could go on if they do it ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:139 ) .

3. Adam ‘s apple & # 8211 ;
the Adam ‘s apple is a bump in the pharynx, largely seen in work forces ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

Let us see the beginning of the name Cain & # 8211 ;
this personwas the first liquidator harmonizing to biblical histories in the Bible & # 8211 ; Genesis 4 and in the Qur’an & # 8211 ; 5:27-32. The scriptural history, from the King James ‘ Version, tells us how Cain and Abel, the two boies of Adam and Eve, conveying offerings to God, but merely Abel ‘s is accepted. Cain kills Abel in choler and is cursed by God ( ) .

The following large group is idioms with personal names which are taken from celebrated books, vocals, sketchs. For illustration:

1. Rip new wave Winkle & # 8211 ;
Rip new wave Winkle is a character in a narrative that slept for 20 old ages, so if person is a Rip new wave Winkle, they are behind the times and out of touch with what is go oning now ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

2. Mickey Mouse & # 8211 ;
something that is intellectually fiddling or non of a really high criterion ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

3. Populate a life of Riley
& # 8211 ; used in order to state that person has a really comfy, easy life without holding to work hard or worry about money ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:210 ) .

Let us look at the beginning of the name Riley & # 8211 ;
this phrase originated in a popular vocal of the 1880s, & # 8220 ; Is That Mr. Reilly? & # 8221 ; by Pat Rooney, which described, what its hero would make if he all of a sudden came into a luck ( http: //www.answers.com/topic/life-of-riley ) .

Parlances with personal names that are related to existent individuals are besides frequently used in the English linguistic communication. We have found 13 parlances of this sort. For illustration:

1. Bob & # 8217 ; s your uncle & # 8211 ;
said after you tell person how to make something, in order to stress that it will be simple and will decidedly accomplish the consequence they want ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:33 ) .

2. Look a right Charlie
& # 8211 ; to look really unusual or stupid, so that people laugh at you, or experience that people are traveling to express joy at you ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:58 ) .

3. 50 million Elvis fans can & # 8217 ; t be incorrect
& # 8211 ; used to state that something must be true because so many people think so ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:103 ) .

Two well-known individuals in our illustrations are Elvis Presley and Charlie Chaplin. Let us look at the illustration Bob & # 8217 ; s your uncle.
It is a catch phrase dating back to 1887, when British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury decided to name a certain Arthur Balfour to the esteemed and sensitive station of Chief Secretary for Ireland. Not lost on the British populace was the fact that Lord Salisbury merely happened to be better known to Arthur Balfour as & # 8220 ; Uncle Bob & # 8221 ; . In the resulting fad over what was seen as an act of blazing nepotism, & # 8220 ; Bob ‘s your uncle & # 8221 ; became a popular sarcastic remark applied to any state of affairs where the result was preordained by favouritism ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob’s_your_uncle ) .

The smallest group found in our research was parlances with personal names originated from mythology. In malice of that, we could non state that those parlances are unknown or used really seldom. We have selected 10 parlances of this sort. Let us look at the illustrations:

1. Achilles ‘ heel & # 8211 ;
a failing of person & # 8217 ; s character that causes them jobs, or the weak portion of a topographic point, system, statement where it can easy be attacked or criticized ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

2. Midas touch & # 8211 ;
the ability to gain money really easy ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

3. A blade of Damocles
& # 8211 ; something bad that may impact your state of affairs at any clip and do it much worse ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:335 ) .

All these individuals are well-known from Grecian mythology. The decease of Achilles was non mentioned in Homer & # 8217 ; s Iliad, but appeared in ulterior Greek and Roman poesy and play refering events after the Iliad, subsequently in the Trojan War. Harmonizing to a myth arising subsequently, his female parent, Thetis, had dipped the baby Achilles in the river Styx, keeping onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the Waterss touched him — that is, everyplace but the countries covered by her pollex and index & # 8211 ; connoting that merely
a heel lesion could hold been his ruin.

3.3 Parlances with topographic point names

Analyzing the parlances with proper names we have found 23 parlances with topographic point names. That is 25 % of all researched parlances. We have discovered that all the topographic point names mentioned in parlances were existent. In malice of that some of them were mentioned in the Bible, for illustration, Road to Damascus & # 8211 ;
if person has a great and sudden alteration in their thoughts or beliefs, so this is a route to Damascus alteration, after the transition of Saint Paul to Christianity while heading to Damascus to oppress Christians, topographic point Damascus is existent. The most common topographic point name used in parlances is Rome.
For illustration:

& # 183 ; All roads lead to Rome
& # 8211 ; This means that there can be many different ways of making something ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

& # 183 ; Fiddle while Rome Burnss
& # 8211 ; used when you disapprove because person is passing excessively much clip or attending on unimportant affairs alternatively of seeking to work out bigger and more of import jobs ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:288 ) .

& # 183 ; Rome was non built in a twenty-four hours & # 8211 ;
this parlance means that many things can non be done immediately, and necessitate clip and forbearance ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

Parlances with personal names are more often used than parlances with topographic point names.

4. Groups of the personal names

In our research we have distinguished 6 chief groups of the beginning of the personal names used in parlances. The distinguished groups are the undermentioned 1s:

Name callings derived from mythology:

1.
A blade of Damocles
& # 8211 ; something bad that may impact your state of affairs at any clip and do it much worse ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:335 ) .

2.
A Pyrrich triumph
& # 8211 ; used about a state of affairs in which you are successful, but you suffer so much that it was non deserving winning ( Longman Idioms Dictionary:1999:368 ) .

3.
Achilles ‘ heel & # 8211 ;
a failing of person & # 8217 ; s character that causes them jobs, or the weak portion of a topographic point, system, statement where it can easy be attacked or criticized ( www.usingengllish.com ) .

4.
Before you can state Jack Robinson & # 8211 ;
used in order to state that something happens really rapidly ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

5.
Between Scylla and Charybdis
& # 8211 ; in a state of affairs in which there two possible picks or actions both of which are every bit bad ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:297 ) .

6.
Cut the Gordian cut
& # 8211 ; to work out a really complex job in a simple manner ( www.dictionary.com ) .

7.
Davey Jones ‘ cabinet & # 8211 ;
Davey Jones ‘ cabinet is the underside of the sea or resting topographic point of drowned crewmans ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

8.
Midas touch & # 8211 ;
the ability to gain money really easy ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

9.
Pandora ‘s box
& # 8211 ; If you open a Pandora ‘s Box, something you do causes all kinds of problem that you had n’t anticipated ( www.dictionary.com ) .

10.
Peeping Tom & # 8211 ;
A peeping Tom is person who tries to look through other people ‘s Windowss without being seen in order to descry on people in their places ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

Name callings derived from faith:

1.
Not cognize person from Adam & # 8211 ;
used in order to state that you do non cognize person at all, or have ne’er seen them before ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:2 ) .

2. Adam ‘s apple & # 8211 ;
the Adam ‘s apple is a bump in the pharynx, largely seen in work forces ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

3. Be manus of God
& # 8211 ; really good fortune, or a spot of rip offing that helps person to win, particularly in a game of football ( www.dictionary.com ) .

4. For Pete ‘s interest& # 8211 ;
this is used as an exclaiming to demo aggravation or annoyance ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

5. God willing and the creek Don & # 8217 ; Ts rise
& # 8211 ; a humourous look used in order to state that you hope you will non hold jobs making something ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:139 ) .

6. God & # 8217 ; s gift to
& # 8211 ; if person thinks they are God & # 8217 ; s gift to a group of people or an activity, they behave in an bothersome manner that shows they think they are more of import to that group or activity than they truly are ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:139 ) .

7. Is Saul besides among the Prophetss? & # 8211 ;
It ‘s a scriptural parlance used when person known for something bad appears all of a sudden to be making something really good ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

8. Jumping Judas! & # 8211 ;
An look of surprise or daze ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

9. Mohammed must travel to the mountain
& # 8211 ; used in order to state that if person you want to see, particularly person of import, will non or can non come to you, you have to do attempt to see them, even if it is hard ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:236 ) .

10.Painted Jezebel & # 8211 ;
a intriguing adult female ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

11.Patience of Job & # 8211 ;
If something requires the forbearance of Job, it requires great forbearance ( www.dictionary.com ) .

12.Put the fright of God into person
& # 8211 ; to do person feel frightened of making something incorrect by doing them recognize the bad things that could go on if they do ( www.dictionary.com ) .

13.Raise Cain & # 8211 ;
to kick a batch about something in an angry or noisy manner because are determined to acquire what you want ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

14.So aid me God
& # 8211 ; used in order to stress that you truly intend what you are stating or assuring ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:139 ) .

15.Work all the hours God sends
& # 8211 ; used in order to state that person spends all their clip working really hard ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:139 ) .

Name callings derived from existent individuals
:

1.
50 million Elvis fans can & # 8217 ; t be incorrect
& # 8211 ; used to state that something must be true because so many people think so ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:103 ) .

2.
Bob & # 8217 ; s your uncle & # 8211 ;
said after you tell person how to make something, in order to stress that it will be simple and will decidedly accomplish the consequence they want ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:33 ) .

3.
Freudian Slip & # 8211 ;
if person makes a Freudian faux pas, they by chance use the incorrect word, but in making so uncover what they are truly believing instead than what they think the other individual wants to hear ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

4.
Happy as Larry
& # 8211 ; really happy ( www.dictionary.com ) .

5.
Heath Robinson
& # 8211 ; used to state about a system, machine etc that does something ordinary in a manner that is really complicated and non at all practical ( www.dictioanry.com ) .

6.
Hobson ‘s pick & # 8211 ;
a state of affairs in which there is merely one thing you can perchance make, unless you do nil ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

7.
In like Flynn & # 8211 ;
refers to Errol Flynn ‘s popularity with adult females in the 40 ‘s. His ability to pull adult females was good known throughout the universe ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

8.
Look a right Charlie
& # 8211 ; to look really unusual or stupid, so that people laugh at you, or experience that people are traveling to express joy at you ( www.dictionary.com ) .

9.
Murphy & # 8217 ; s jurisprudence
& # 8211 ; used to state that the worst possible thing ever seems to go on at a clip when it is most bothersome, forestalling you from making what you are seeking to make ( Longman Idioms Dictioanry:1999:58 ) .

10.
Real McCoy & # 8211 ;
used in order to state that something is existent, and non a transcript. ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

11.
Rich as Croesus & # 8211 ;
really rich ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

12.
Rube Goldberg
& # 8211 ; used about a system, machine etc that does something ordinary in a manner that is really complicated and non at all practical ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:291 ) .

13.
Smart Alec & # 8211 ;
A smart Alec is a egotistic individual who likes to demo off how clever and knowing they are ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

Name callings derived from common people etymology:

1.
Any Tom, Dick or Harry & # 8211 ;
an look intending everyone, used particularly when you disapprove because there is no bound on who can make a peculiar activity ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

2. Be robbing Peter to pay Paul & # 8211 ;
to take money from one portion of a system or organisation that needs it and utilize it for another portion of the system or organisation, so that you deal with one trouble but still hold jobs ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:261 ) .

3.
Benjamin of the household & # 8211 ;
the Benjamin of the household is the youngest kid ( www.usingenglish.com ) . .

4. For the love of Pete & # 8211 ;
normally used in aggravation, as in ‘Oh, for the love of Pete! ‘ ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

5. Great Scott & # 8211 ;
an exclaiming of surprise ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

6. Home, James & # 8211 ;
( UK ) this is a clich & # 1081 ; 500 manner of stating the driver of a vehicle to get down drive ( www.usingenglish.com ) . .

7. Jack-of-all-trades & # 8211 ;
-trades is person that can make many different occupations ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

8. Jane Doe & # 8211 ;
Jane Doe is a name given to an unidentified female who may be party to legal proceedings, or to an unidentified individual in infirmary, or dead. John Doe is the male equivalent ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

9. Joe Bloggs & # 8211 ;
a name used to stand for all ordinary people and their ideas, feelings and state of affairs ( www.dictionary.com )

10.
Johnny on the topographic point & # 8211 ;
A individual who is ever available ; ready, willing, and able to make what needs to be done ( www.usingenglish.com ) . .

11.Uncle Sam & # 8211 ;
the authorities of the USA ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

Name callings based on characters of the books, movies, sketchs:

1. An Aladdin & # 8217 ; s undermine of something
& # 8211 ; a topographic point where a batch of peculiar type of thing can be found, particularly something interesting or unusual ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:56 ) .

2. Aunt Sally
& # 8211 ; used about person or something that is frequently blamed or criticized by a peculiar group of people, even when there is no ground ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:10 ) .

3. Be like Darby and Joan
& # 8211 ; used to speak about old hubby and married woman who live really merrily together ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:78 ) .

4. Brahms and Liszt
& # 8211 ; rummy ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:40 ) .

5. Make a Lord Lucan & # 8211 ;
( UK ) if person disappears without a hint or runs off ( Lord Lucan disappeared after a slaying ) ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

6. Even Steven
s & # 8211 ; if everything is equal between people, they are even Stevens ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

7. I & # 8217 ; m all right Jack & # 8211 ;
used in order to demo disapproval when person & # 8217 ; s attitude shows that they do non care about a job that other people are holding, because it does non impact them ( www.dictionary.com ) .

8. Jekyll and Hyde & # 8211 ;
used about person who has two wholly different parts to their character, one really good and the other bad ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

9.
Keep up with Joneses & # 8211 ;
to seek to hold all the things that your friends and neighbours have, and do all the things that they do ( www.dictionary.com ) .

10.Live a life of Riley
& # 8211 ; used in order to state that person has a really comfy, easy life without holding to work hard or worry about money ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:210 ) .

11.Mickey Mouse & # 8211 ;
something that is intellectually fiddling or non of a really high criterion ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

12.Rip new wave Winkle & # 8211 ;
Rip new wave Winkle is a character in a narrative who slept for 20 old ages, so if person is a Rip new wave Winkle, they are behind the times and out of touch with what ‘s go oning now ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

13.Smile like a Cheshire cat
& # 8211 ; to hold a large smiling on your face, so that you look silly or excessively pleased with yourself ( www.dictionary.com )

14.Take the Mickey & # 8211 ;
to you badger person ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

15.Vicar of Bray & # 8211 ;
( UK ) A individual who changes their beliefs and rules to remain popular with people above them ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

Other names:

1.
A doubting Thomas
& # 8211 ; used about person who does non believe that something is true, or says that it has non been proved to them ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:347 ) .

2.
Barkus is willing & # 8211 ;
this parlance means that person is willing to acquire married ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

3.
Be whistling Dixie
& # 8211 ; to be stating that something is untrue ( www.dictionary.com )

4.
Buggles ‘ bend & # 8211 ;
when person gets promotion through length of service instead than ability, particularly in the British civil service ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

5.
Clever Dick
& # 8211 ; used about person who is raging because they are ever right or ever think they are right ( www.dictionary.com ) .

6.
Traveling Jesse & # 8211 ;
( USA ) if something is a traveling Jesse, it ‘s a feasible, successful undertaking or endeavor ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

7.
Jack the Lad & # 8211 ;
A confident and non really serious immature adult male who behaves as he wants to without believing about other people is a Jack the Lad ( World Wide Web. usingenglish.com ) .

8.
John Q Public & # 8211 ;
( USA ) John Q Public is the typical, mean individual ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

9.
Nervous Nellie & # 8211 ;
Person overly worried or discerning is a nervous Nellie ( or Nelly ) ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

10.
Not known whether you are Arthur or Martha
-to experience really baffled, particularly because you have excessively much to make ( www.dictionary.com ) .

4.1 Parlances with topographic point names

1.
All roads lead to Rome
& # 8211 ; This means that there can be many different ways of making something ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

2.
Big Easy & # 8211 ;
( USA ) The Big Easy is New Orleans, Louisiana ( World Wide Web. usingenglish.com ) .

3.
Coals to Newcastle & # 8211 ;
( UK ) Taking, delivery, or transporting coals to Newcastle is making something that is wholly unneeded ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

4.
Traversing the Rubicon & # 8211 ;
When you are traversing the Rubicon, you are go throughing a point of no return. After you do this thing, there is no manner of turning about. The lone manner left is frontward ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

5.
Dunkirk spirit & # 8211 ;
( UK ) Dunkirk spirit is when people pull together to acquire through a really hard clip ( www.dictionary.com ) .

6.
Fiddle while Rome Burnss
& # 8211 ; used when you disapprove because person is passing excessively much clip or attending on unimportant affairs alternatively of seeking to work out bigger and more of import jobs ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:288 ) .

7.
From Missouri & # 8211 ;
( USA ) If person is from Missouri, so they require clear cogent evidence before they will believe something ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

8.
Himalayan blooper & # 8211 ;
a Himalayan blooper is a really serious error or mistake ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

9.
Lie back and think of England
& # 8211 ; a humourous look used when person has sex without desiring it or basking it, and frequently used when person has to make another activity or occupation that they do non desire to ( Longman Idioms Dictionary:1999:106 ) .

10.
Man on the Clapham omnibus & # 8211 ;
( UK ) The adult male on the Clapham omnibus is the ordinary individual in the street ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

11.
More front than Brighton & # 8211 ;
( UK ) If you have more front than Brighton, you are really self-assured, perchance overly so ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

12.
New York minute & # 8211 ;
( USA ) If something happens in a New York minute, it happens really fast ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

13.
Not for all tea in China
& # 8211 ; used in order to stress that you do non desire to make something, and no wages would be large adequate to do you to make i ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:340 ) .

14.
On Carey Street & # 8211 ;
( UK ) If person is on Carey Street, they are to a great extent in debt or hold gone belly-up ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

15.
Road to Damascus & # 8211 ;
If person has a great and sudden alteration in their thoughts or beliefs, so this is a route to Damascus alteration, after the transition of Saint Paul to Christianity while heading to Damascus to oppress Christians ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

16.
Rome was non built in a twenty-four hours & # 8211 ;
This parlance means that many things can non be done immediately, and necessitate clip and forbearance ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

17.
Saigon minute & # 8211 ;
( USA ) A Saigon minute is when people realize that something has gone incorrect and that they will lose or neglect ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

18.
Person met his/her Waterloo
& # 8211 ; used in order to state that person has eventually met a individual or thing that can get the better of them ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:373 ) .

19.
Send person to Coventry & # 8211 ;
( UK ) If you send person to Coventry, you refuse to speak to them or co-operate with them ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

20.
Set the Thames on fire & # 8211 ;
If you do something remarkable, you set the Thames on fire, though this look is used in the negative ; person who is dull or insignificant will ne’er put the Thames on fire ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

21.
Shipshape and Bristol manner & # 8211 ;
If things are trim and Bristol manner, they are in perfect working order ( www.dictionary.com ) .

22.
The black hole of Calcutta
& # 8211 ; used about a topographic point that is really dark and really hot and excessively full of people or things ( www.dictionary.com ) .

23.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do & # 8211 ;
This parlance means that when you are sing a different topographic point or civilization, you should seek to follow their imposts and patterns ( www.usingenglish.com ) .

24.
_____ for England
& # 8211 ; a humourous manner of stating that person does a batch or excessively much of a peculiar activity ( Longman Idioms Dictionary: 1999:106 ) .

Decisions

The analyses presented in this survey are an reply that proper names are rather frequently used in English parlances. We have analyzed 97 parlances: 73 with personal names and 24 with topographic point names. The beginning of personal and topographic point names in English parlances are of different types. In malice of this we identified the undermentioned six groups of the beginning of personal names:

& # 183 ; Mythical

& # 183 ; Derived from faith

& # 183 ; Based on characters of the movies, books, sketchs.

& # 183 ; The existent individuals.

& # 183 ; Folk etymology.

& # 183 ; Others.

The analysis showed that parlances with personal names are used in English linguistic communication more often that parlances with topographic point names.

About all the topographic point names are reliable, non made-up. Among personal names the most frequent were names derived from faith and characters of books, movies etc. Number of parlances with personal names that derived from mythology was the smallest 1.

Mentions

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2. Everaert M. ( 1995 ) . Idioms. Structural and psychological positions
. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

3. Ifill T. ( 2002 ) Seeking the Nature of Parlances: A Study in Idiomatic Structure.
Haverford College.

4. Locke J. ( 1869 ) An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding.

5. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
( 2003 ) .

6. Longman idioms dictionary
( 1999 ) . Longman.

7. Makkai, A. ( 1972 ) . Idiom Structure in English
. The Hague: Mouton.

8. Mill J. S. ( 1843 ) A System of Logic
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9. Moreno R. Relevance Theory and the building of parlance significance
( )

10. Oxford Talking Dictionary.

11. Pulman S. ( 1986 ) The acknowledgment and reading of parlances
. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.

12. Saeed, J. I. ( 2003 ) , Semanticss
. Oxford: Blackwell.

13. Str & # 1076 ; ssler J. ( 1982 ) . Idioms in English & # 8211 ; a matter-of-fact analysis.
Gunter Narr Verlag.

14. Valeika L. ( 2003 ) Introductory class in theoretical English grammar
. Vilnius pedagogical university.

15. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/cat/

16. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dictionary.com ( Based on the Random House Dictionary, & # 169 ; Random House, Inc. 2009. )

17. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom

18. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idiomconnection.com/mostfrequent.html # A

19. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wiktionary.org/wiki/User: EncycloPetey/English_proper_nouns

20. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-toponym.htm

21. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.18dao.net/Idiom_Dictionary/Person’s_name

22. hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki.name.com/en/Name_idioms

23. hypertext transfer protocol: //users.tinyonline.co.uk/gswithenbank/eponyms.htm

24. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.english-sayings.com/going-jesse/6744

25. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/raising-cain.html

26. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.urbandictionary.com/define.php? term=Freudian % 20slip

27. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bob1.htm