& # 1050 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1077 ;

& # 171 ; & # 1048 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1092 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; – & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 187 ;

Unite

3 & # 8211 ;

Basic

Economic

Footings

1. Analyze the undermentioned vocabulary before reading.

aggregative demand & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ;

indictable revenue enhancements & # 1074 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1080 ;

collect revenue enhancements & # 1074 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1080 ;

direct revenue enhancements & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1080 ;

econometrics & # 1101 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ;

equilibrium & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ;

demand a revenue enhancement & # 1074 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

outwardnesss & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1096 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ;

factorsofproduction & # 1092 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ;

fixedtax & # 1092 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

grossnationalproduct ( GNP ) & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1090 ;

imposeatax & # 1074 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

incometax & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

indirecttax & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

macroeconomics & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1101 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ;

microeconomics & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1101 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ;

paytaxes & # 1087 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1080 ;

progressivetax & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

specialtax & # 1089 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

supertax & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ;

taxableobject & # 1086 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1098 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1072 ;

taxpayer & # 1089 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1098 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1072 ;

taxdeclaration & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ;

taxlaws & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ;

turnovertax & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ;

Reading

2. Read the sentences
& # 8220 ; Basic Economic Footings & # 8221 ; .

1. Factors of production ( or inputs ) are resources used by houses in their production procedure, viz. land and the natural resources in it, labour, capital, and ( in recent definitions ) information.

2. Outwardnesss ( or spillovers ) are costs imposed on others without their receiving compensation, or benefits received by others without their paying the proper costs.

3. Microeconomicss concerns the economic factors impacting single consumers and companies.

4. Equilibrium is a province of balance, for illustration, when supply meets demand.

5. Econometricss is the application of mathematical and statistical theoretical accounts to economic theories and jobs.

6. Macroeconomics is the survey and analysis of the economic system as a whole.

7. Aggregate demand is the entire sum spent in a state by consumers, companies, and the authorities.

8. Gross national merchandise ( GNP ) is the entire wealth earned or created in a state in a twelvemonth.

9. Endogenous agencies coming from or controlled from within, e.g. variables that are wholly under the control of a company, a authorities, etc.

10. Exogenous agencies coming from or controlled from or without ; unmanageable variables.

Language development

3. Which 12 footings in the box are defined in the sentences below?

aggregative supply balance of payments capital

cost of populating economic economical

conserve economic system financial

free endeavor fluctuate rising prices

inputs market monetarism

protectionism scarceness criterion of life

1 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

Adjectival significance of or associating to an economic system or economic sciences.

2 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; …

Adjectival significance related to public ( i.e. authorities ) fundss ( revenue enhancement, outgo, etc. ) .

3 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; …

Adjectival significance utilizing a lower limit of resources ; or cheap.

4 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

A rise in the general degree of monetary values, and an addition in the money supply.

5 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

A deficit of sometimes ; deficient supply to run into demand.

6 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; . & # 8230 ; .

The accrued stock of goods used for the production of farther goods ( and the money required to buy them )

7 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

A step of the sum of money that has to be paid for necessities such as nutrient, adjustment, warming, vesture, etc.

8 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

A step of the sum of disposable income that people have to pass on both necessities and luxuries.

9 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

The difference between what a state pays for its imports and receives for its exports.

10 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;

The pattern of curtailing imports in order to increase the gross revenues of domestic merchandises.

11 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;

To alter invariably, to demo irregular fluctuation.

12 & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;

To salvage money, to cut down an sum usually used.

4. Here are the words and phrases you need to speak about tendencies utilizing graphs. Make certain you can interpret these & # 8220 ; Describing Graphs & # 8221 ; into your ain linguistic communication.

UP – verbs

travel up take off shoot up surge leap

addition rise turn improve projectile

UP & # 8211 ; nouns

an addition a rise a growing an betterment

an upturn a rush an rush an upward tendency

DOWN & # 8211 ; verbs

travel /come down fall fall off bead slack

diminution lessening faux pas plumb bob shrivel

DOWN & # 8211 ; nouns

a autumn a lessening a diminution a bead

a downswing a downward tendency

NO CHANGE & # 8211 ; verbs

remain stable degree off stay at same degree

remain changeless stagnate stabilize

AT THE TOP & # 8211 ; verbs

make a peak extremum top out

AT THE BOTTOM & # 8211 ; verbs

make a low point underside out recover

DEGREES OF CHANGE

Adjectives: dramatic, considerable, crisp, important, significant, moderate,

somewhat ;

Adverbs: dramatically, well, aggressively, significantly, well,

reasonably, somewhat ;

Speed OF CHANGE

disconnected sudden rapid speedy steady gradual slow

Preposition

a rise from & # 8356 ; 1m to & # 8356 ; 2m to increase by 50 %

to fall by 30 % an addition of 7.5 per cent over last twelvemonth

5. What are & # 8220 ; The Three Sectors of the Economy & # 8221 ; ? Match the undermentioned inquiries and replies ;

1. What do we intend by the primary sector of the economic system?

2. What happens to the nutrient extracted in the primary?

3. So what & # 8217 ; s the secondary sector?

4. How do people in the secondary sector make things?

5. And the third sector?

6. Why is the figure of people working in the primary sector on a regular basis worsening?

7. And why is the secondary sector acquiring smaller in many of these states?

8. But non third services?

a. Because agricultural methods are ever going more efficient. Western Europe and the USA already bring forth excessively much nutrient with merely 3 % of the population working on the land.

B. Because much fabrication can be carried out more cheaply in low-wage economic systems, for illustration in East and South-East Asiatic states like China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaya and Vietnam.

c. Agriculture and the extraction of natural stuffs from the Earth or the sea.

d. It includes the commercial services that enable industry to bring forth and administer goods to their concluding consumes ( trade, banking, repositing, conveyance, communications, and so on ) , every bit good as activities like instruction, heals attention and touristry.

e. It involves the transmutation of natural stuffs into finished merchandises.

f. Not if the activities require a batch of preparation, instruction, know-how and engineering.

g. Merely some of them. Manufacturing companies besides employ finance and selling directors, administrative staff, care staff, and so on.

h. Some of it, such as fresh fruit or fish, is consumed about instantly after extraction ; the remainder serves as natural stuff for the secondary sector.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Grammar

6. Add verbs in the right signifier to the undermentioned sentences.

1. Natural stuffs are. . . .from the land and so either. . . . , or. . . . into finished goods.

2. Before finished goods are sold they frequently have to be. . . . , . . . . , . . . . , etc.

7. Match up the phrasal verbs on the left with the verbs that have a similar significance on the right:

1. underside out a. accept ( occupation, duty, etc. )

2. conveying out b. continue

3. carry on c. decline

4. carry out d. dismiss

5. near down e. set up

6. count on f. have assurance in

7. cut back on g. addition

8. autumn off h. introduce something new

9. lay off i. postpone, hold

10. degree off j. reach the lowest point

11. expression through k. read rapidly

12. expression for l. cut down

13. grade up m. cut down in size

14. pull out of n. shut

15. put off o. stabilize

16. scale down p. attempt to happen

17. set up q. do or set about

18. return on r. withdraw from

1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 –

10 – 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18-

8. Use each of the phrasal verbs above one time to finish the text. You may necessitate to utilize the past tense, the past participial or the present uninterrupted signifier.

After three old ages of rapid adult, gross revenues began to ( 1 ) . . . . . Then, with the recession, they ( 2 ) . . . .dramatically. We had to ( 3 ) . . . .the mill in Ireland, and ( 4 ) . . . . 60 people. That left a batch of machine workers ( 5 ) . . . . a occupation in one little town. They ( 6 ) . . . . the newspapers every twenty-four hours, but at that place weren & # 8217 ; t many occupation vacancies.

The unemployed had to ( 7 ) . . . . any sort of insouciant work they could happen. We besides had to ( 8 ) . . . . staff in the London office, and reconsider the whole British operation that we & # 8217 ; vitamin D ( 9 ) . . . . merely five old ages before. Some of the American directors wanted to ( 10 ) . . . . the British market wholly, and to ( 11 ) . . . . our whole European concern. Alternatively we have ( 12 ) . . . . a restructuring, and ( 13 ) . . . . all our programs for enlargement, and for ( 14 ) . . . .new merchandises. We & # 8217 ; re seeking to ( 15 ) . . . .as best we can. We might even hold to ( 16 ) . . . . our monetary values a small, trusting we can ( 17 ) . . . . . our clients & # 8217 ; trade name trueness. At least there are some marks that the recession has ( 18 ) . . . . .

9. Use the right signifier of these verbs in the undermentioned sentences:

avoid be apt deduct evade impose lower wage rise

1. If you inherit a batch of money, you & # 8230 ; . for capital transportation revenue enhancement.

2. In some states, employers have to & # 8230 ; . revenue enhancement from your wage and & # 8230 ; .it direct to the revenue enhancement governments, so employees have no possibility of & # 8230 ; .income revenue enhancement.

3. Some people hire expensive comptrollers to state them how to & # 8230 ; .taxes & # 8211 ; lawfully, of class!

4. The authorities ever tries to & # 8230 ; .taxes in the twelvemonth before elections.

5. The authorities has a immense shortage and is traveling to & # 8230 ; .either the rate of VAT or income revenue enhancement.

6. The authorities & # 8230 ; .special Ta

Xes on gasoline, intoxicant and baccy.

Listening & A ; talking

10. Listen to the text & # 8220 ; Inflation & # 8221 ; :

Inflation is a rise in the general degree of monetary values. It is caused by an surplus of demand over supply, and is related to an addition in the money supply. Single-digit rising prices is normally described by economic experts as a moderate rising prices. Double or triple-digit rising prices, which some states have survived for rather long periods, is known as galloping rising prices. Inflation of four or more figures, as in Germany in the early 1920s, and Argentina in the early 1980s, is known as hyperinflation.

Monetary values in general tend to stay at the same awaited degree unless there are Monetary values in general tend to stay at the same awaited degree unless there are

demand-pull or cost-push dazes. If aggregative demand exceeds what a state can bring forth at full employment, monetary values will lift ( including rewards, the monetary value of labour ) : this is demand-pull rising prices. But, for the last 50 old ages, costs have pushed up monetary values and rewards, even in recessions and periods of high unemployment: this is cost-push rising prices. Cost-push rising prices is caused, for illustration, when brotherhoods demand rewards that employers can non afford or when oil manufacturers are able to raise their monetary values.

The antonym of rising prices, when monetary values fall ( by and large for short periods ) , is deflation. Government policies can be inflationary ( frequently by accident ) , disinflationary or reflationary. Disinflationary policies might be aimed at decelerating down monetary value rising prices or at cut downing imports, they involve cut downing demand by raising revenue enhancement and / or cutting authorities disbursement. Reflationary policies, on the contrary, involve regenerating a sulky economic system by increasing consumer demand, either by cutting revenue enhancements or raising benefits, or loosen uping pecuniary and recognition limitations.

Inflation is measured by the retail monetary value index ( RPI ) in Britain and the consumer monetary value index ( CPI ) in the US. These step the cost of a & # 8216 ; basket & # 8217 ; of goods and services, including nutrient, vesture, lodging, fuel, conveyance and medical attention. The single points in monetary value indices are weighted, intending that allowance is made for their comparative importance in people & # 8217 ; s disbursement.

Unless rising prices is both balanced ( impacting all monetary values and costs every bit ) and anticipated, it distorts comparative monetary values, revenue enhancement rates and existent involvement rates. Unexpected rising prices tends to profit people with fixed nominal involvement rate debts, and so disadvantage creditors and people with fixed nominal involvement rate assets or non-index-linked pensions.

11. Make up the treatment with your spouse. Use words and inquiries given below:

assets consumer debts deflation

extra employment hyperinflation involvement extra employment hyperinflation involvement

manufacturers limitations passing supply

unemployment weighted

1. What is the rising prices rate in your state at present?

2. Can you give current illustrations of dual and triple-digit rising prices?

3. What is your authorities & # 8217 ; s policy at the minute? Does it look to be more concerned with monetary value stableness or with cut downing unemployment?

Revision box

12. Use sentences 1 to 10 to do up a short text about & # 8220 ; Government Spending & # 8221 ; . Complete each sentence, by taking a in-between portion from the 2nd box and from the 3rd box:

1. If revenue enhancement grosss are higher

2. If, on the contrary, authorities outgos exceed

3. A structural excess or shortage

4. A cyclical excess or shortage, on the other manus,

5. Budget shortages have to be funded by the sale of authorities bonds,

6. The higher the sum of authorities bonds sold in a state,

7. Neo & # 8211 ; classical economic experts

8. On the other manus, if the money supply is expanded,

9. The is partially due to the acceleration rule,

10. But of class everybody knows

________________________________________________________________

a.
called aureate – edged securities in Britain

B
. name this & # 8220 ; herding out & # 8221 ; ,

degree Celsiuss.
increased authorities disbursement

vitamin D
. is consequence of authorities policies such as

vitamin E
. is the consequence of the concern rhythm:

degree Fahrenheit.
money collected by revenue enhancements,

g
. than authorities disbursement,

H
. that increasing the money supply

I.
the less capital is available

J.
which is that increased demand for consumer goods

__________________________________________________________________K.
a state has a budget shortage.

cubic decimeter.
a state has a budget excess.

m
. about necessarily leads to rising prices.

N.
and Treasury bonds in the USA.

O
. and utilize it as an statement against Keynesian financial policies.

P.
can raise end product and investing, at least in the short term.

Q.
alterations in disbursement or grosss caused by a roar or a slack.

R.
for private sector investing.

s.
produces a greater increased demand for capital goods.

T
. revenue enhancement rates, public assistance and defence disbursement, and so on.

& # 173 ; & # 173 ; & # 173 ; & # 173 ; & # 173 ; & # 173 ; Get downing	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Middle
Ending

13. Match the undermentioned footings with the definitions below, and so utilize them to label the state of affairss:

classical unemployment seasonal unemployment

cyclical unemployment structural unemployment

frictional unemployment voluntary unemployment

1. . . . . exists in trades or businesss where work fluctuates harmonizing to the clip of twelvemonth.

2. . . . . exists when people choose non to work, frequently because they can non happen occupations that wage adequate money ( e.g. more than societal security benefits ) .

3. . . . . is impermanent unemployment that arises when people voluntarily leave a occupation to look for another one.

4. . . . . is the loss of occupations caused when rewards are excessively high

5. . . . . occurs during recessions, when the overall demand for labour diminutions.

6. . . . . occurs when the accomplishments of available workers do non fit the occupations vacant.

I lost my occupation with It & # 8217 ; s crazy & # 8211 ; the lone

4,000 other people occupations available unit of ammunition

when they closed here wage less than I get

down the coal mine. from Social Security.

1._________________ 4. ____________________

I work with a going I & # 8217 ; m a skilled lineman,

circus in the summer, but at that place & # 8217 ; s such a slack

but it & # 8217 ; s merely closed for in the building

the winter. industry right now that

I & # 8217 ; m out of work.

2.__________________

5.____________________

The brotherhood went on I left my occupation last hebdomad

work stoppage for 8 % wage after an statement with

rise. They got it, but my foreman. I & # 8217 ; thousand certain I can

the company laid off find something better.

10 of us.

3. __________________ 6.____________________

14. Choose the correct words to finish each sentence:

1. The revenue enhancement on rewards and wages ( and concern net incomes in the US ) is called. . . . . In Britain the revenue enhancement on concern net incomes is called corporation revenue enhancement.

a. direct revenue enhancement b. income revenue enhancement c. wealth revenue enhancement

2. A revenue enhancement that is levied at a higher rate on higher incomes is called a. . . . revenue enhancement.

a. progressive b. regressive c. value-added

3. Property revenue enhancements, gross revenues revenue enhancements, imposts responsibilities on imports, and strike responsibilities on baccy, alcoholic drinks, gasoline, etc. are. . . .taxes.

a. direct b. indirect c. value-added

4. Most gross revenues revenue enhancements are somewhat. . . .because poorer people need to pass a larger proportion of their income on ingestion than the rich.

a. progressive b. regressive c. repressive

5. A gross revenues revenue enhancement collected at each phase of production, excepting the already-taxed costs from old phases, is called a. . . . .

a. gross revenues revenue enhancement b. value-added revenue enhancement c. added-value revenue enhancement

6. Net incomes made from the sale of assets are apt to a. . . . revenue enhancement.

a. capital additions b. capital transportation c. wealth

7. Gifts and heritages are normally apt to. . . . revenue enhancement.

a. capital additions b. capital transportation c. wealth

8. Reducing the sum of revenue enhancement you pay to a legal lower limit is called. . . . .

a. financial policy b. revenue enhancement turning away c. revenue enhancement equivocation

9. Making false declarations is called. . . . and is evidently illegal.

a. originative accounting b. revenue enhancement turning away c. revenue enhancement equivocation

10. Bringing forward capital outgo ( on new mills, machines, and so on ) so that at the terminal of the twelvemonth all the net incomes have been used up is known as doing a

. . . . .

a. mistake b. revenue enhancement oasis c. revenue enhancement loss

11. Multinational companies frequently set up their caput offices in low-tax states such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas, known as

. . . . .

a. revenue enhancement oasiss b. revenue enhancement celestial spheres c. revenue enhancement shelters

12. Condemnable multinationals such as the Mafia tend to go through money through a series of companies in really complicated minutess in order to mask its beginning from revenue enhancement inspectors and the constabulary ; this is known as. . . . money.

a. cleaning b. washing c. rinsing

15. Translate the text into English:

& # 1044 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1102 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; – & # 1101 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1099 ; , & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; .

& # 1055 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1102 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; , & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1092 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1093 ; , & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; .

& # 1053 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 8211 ; & # 1101 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1102 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ; , & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1081 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1078 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1075 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1099 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1101 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1095 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1093 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1084 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1097 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1094 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1080 ; .

16. All the words below can be combined with revenue enhancement
or revenue enhancement
in a two – word partnership ( e.g. revenue enhancement accounting, progressive revenue enhancement ) .
Add revenue enhancement
and /or revenue enhancement
before or after the undermentioned words:

1. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..accounting & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; 14. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .inspector & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .

2. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..allowance & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; . 15. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .loophole & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .

3. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..authority & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .. 16. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .loss & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .

4. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..avoidance & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; 17. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .payer & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

5. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..consultant & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; 18. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .progressive & # 8230 ;

6. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..corporation & # 8230 ; . 19. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .rates & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;

7. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..deductible & # 8230 ; … 20. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .rebate & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .

8. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..direct & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .. 21. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .regressive & # 8230 ; ..

9. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..evasion & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; 22. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .retune & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;

10. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..free & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .. 23. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .sales & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;

11. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..haven & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; 24. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .shelter & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..

12. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..income & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; . 25. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .withholding…

13. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; ..indirect & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; 26. & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; .year & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ; & # 8230 ;