Working Women Essay, Research Paper
Working Womans
Jasleen Singh
May 24, 2001
Professor Kenneth JandaProblem
Even as far back as the United States independency, adult females did non possess any civil rights. Harmonizing to Janda, this position is besides known as protectionism, the impression that adult females mush be sheltered from life & # 8217 ; s rough worlds. Protectionism carried on throughout the general populations view for many decennaries until the 1920 & # 8217 ; s when the adult females & # 8217 ; s motion started. Women eventually received the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment. The traditional positions of protectionism, nevertheless, remained in people & # 8217 ; s heads until the 1970 & # 8217 ; s ( Janda et al, 2000: 538-539 ) .
Around this clip, adult females started to take on other functions outside the typical traditional function of homemaker. Womans were traveling to college, obtaining their grades, and get downing their callings. This measure frontward in adult females & # 8217 ; s independency came with much examination. What was go oning to working adult females, to their families, their household functions, and their kids? Many people from many different states have different positions based on adult females & # 8217 ; s rights with respects to career pick. States have different beliefs on adult females & # 8217 ; s independency by working, a working female parent & # 8217 ; s relationship with her kids, and the affect on the kid whose female parent works. These beliefs, particularly of a preschool kid enduring if his/her female parent plants, are based upon an single & # 8217 ; s religionism and age.
These issues are imperative to political relations. Many states are giving more civil rights to adult females to handle them as peers to work forces. Womans, hence, have more power and state in the authorities. Yet, how much power should the authorities allot to adult females while still protecting household values. Many citizens feel that household values are core to moral existences, and leting adult females to hold callings will impact the future coevalss. On the other manus, adult females are worlds and citizens equal to work forces and must hence hold the same equality of chance. To see what other factors play a function in single & # 8217 ; s beliefs is of import for a political figure to take in consideration when suggesting measures or runing for office in order to react and appeal to their electors.
Method and Theory
The method of research used to to the full understand a society & # 8217 ; s positions on working female parents is merely designed. An analysis of the 1990-91 World Values Survey is possible through the SPSS plan. In Citizen Politics, & # 8220 ; the World Values Surveys are a series of representative national studies designed to supply an empirical base for the survey of societal and cultural alteration among the populaces of societies throughout the universe ( Dalton, 1996: 289 ) . & # 8221 ; The states surveyed are the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany.
In order to analyze the quandary of these beliefs, specific variables are chosen and run through the plan utilizing the consequences of the studies. First, variables mentioning to adult females occupation independency and adult females and their kids were analyzed across state to understand what states positions on adult females workers. Then a cross tabular matter of the variable KID.JOB ( mentioning to the statement if a preschool kid is affected by a working female parent ) across state is analyzed. Then other transverse tabular matters of KID.JOB to religionism ( PIOUS ) and age ( AGE ) across state were run through SPSS to turn out that these are factors in persons beliefs toward this issue. These variables used together are indispensable to understanding society & # 8217 ; s positions on adult females & # 8217 ; s calling ends and how they affect the household.
Theoretically, calling oriented adult females has shaped the household and authorities. The general population within the states agrees that working adult females are more independent and that they can still hold relationships with their kids. However, they besides believe that preschool kids suffer when their female parents work. Religiosity and age are both factors in this belief. A spiritual individual would hold that the kid suffers since the individual is more concerned with traditional household values. Besides, an older individual would hold that a kid suffers since they grew up in a decennary in which households practiced the traditional gender functions.
Datas Analysis
The United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany all differ in their positions of adult females? s civil rights. For illustration, the states hold dissimilar thoughts mentioning to adult females? s independency. Most states agree that holding a occupation makes a adult female independent harmonizing to Table 1 ( Cross-tabulation of OWN.JOB across state ) . Since the largest per centums for each state agree that a on the job female is independent, these consequences show that the states are traveling more toward gender equality and farther from protectionism.
Does working adult females harm household life? Looking at Table 2, which is a transverse tabular matter of MOM.JOB across state, most states except West Germany agree that a female parent can still hold a? merely as warm and procure a relationship with her kids as a female parent who does non work ( Dalton, 1996: 301 ) . ? Yet, at the same clip, these states differ when asked if a preschool kid suffers with a working female parent. Harmonizing to Table 3, a cross tabular matter of KID.JOB across state, the United States is the lone state where most of the population disagrees that a kid suffers from holding a working female parent compared to a non-working female parent.
Table 3
NATION Page 1 of 1
Count |
Col Pct |United S Great Br West Ger France East Ger
|tates itain many many Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Sum
KID.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 168 | 156 | 650 | 212 | 368 | 1554
Strongly agree | 9.4 | 10.9 | 32.7 | 22.1 | 28.2 | 20.8
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 748 | 629 | 1026 | 416 | 658 | 3477
Agree | 42.0 | 43.7 | 51.6 | 43.3 | 50.4 | 46.5
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 783 | 577 | 282 | 269 | 258 | 2169
Disagree | 44.0 | 40.1 | 14.2 | 28.0 | 19.8 | 29.0
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 80 | 76 | 28 | 64 | 21 | 269
Strongly disagre | 4.5 | 5.3 | 1.4 | 6.7 | 1.6 | 3.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 1779 1437 1986 961 1305 7468
Entire 23.8 19.2 26.6 12.9 17.5 100.0
Great Britain is slightly similar to the United States, but the other states are non. Why does the United States, an overall right-winger state ( Dalton, 1996: 136 ) , feel otherwise from the other states? Religiosity and age of these citizens have a strong influence in these beliefs in the United States.
Religion is the footing of moral values for most people. Harmonizing to Janda in Challenge of Democracy, persons accept what they learn foremost, whish is besides known as the primacy rule. Then the structuring rule takes topographic point, and influences the ulterior acquisition of what is learned foremost. Most parents are concerned about faith and learn it to their kids. This socialisation procedure sustains spiritual values along with household values ( Janda et al, 2000: 138 ) .
Theoretically, an person? s religionism would impact their belief that a kid suffers from holding a working female parent. Harmonizing to Table 4, a cross tabular matter of KID.JOB and PIOUS for the United States, a larger per centum of the non-religious and unbelieving individuals believe that a kid does non endure, which shows that one? s religionism affects this belief. The same cross tabular matter for the other four states does non hold as drastic consequences as the United States. This big difference in Table 4, however, proves that in the United States faith is a factor on a citizen? s belief of working female parents and their kids. In Table 5 in the appendix, faith in Germany is non every bit much of a factor as the United States. A bulk of each populatio
Ns still agrees that a kid suffers. A ground for these consequences could be the slow gait of some European states motion off from protectionism.
Table 4
NATION v01 NATION Value = 1 United States
PIOUS Page 1 of 1
Count |
Col Pct |A religi Not reli An athei
|ous pers gious st Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | Sum
KID.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 139 | 26 | 0 | 165
Strongly agree | 9.5 | 10.1 | 2.5 | 9.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 627 | 101 | 2 | 730
Agree | 42.9 | 40.1 | 12.4 | 42.2
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 630 | 116 | 14 | 760
Disagree | 43.2 | 46.1 | 80.2 | 44.0
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 64 | 9 | 1 | 74
Strongly disagre | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4.9 | 4.3
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 1460 252 17 1729
Entire 84.4 14.6 1.0 100.0
In the United States, the age of the citizen besides proposes another ground to why most American citizens disagree with a working female parent harming their preschool kids. Most younger citizens both male and female have the equality of chance to gain college grades and have more professional callings. Females in the younger coevalss have callings in higher professions such as medical specialty, jurisprudence, and concern. Thus they are in favour of working female parents and disagree that a working female parent harms a kid. Besides younger citizens are more broad in their beliefs than older citizens. Younger citizens grew up in a clip where household values are altering whereas an person that is 45 old ages or older grew up in an epoch with nucleus traditional values and gender functions.
Age can impact a citizen? s position of working adult females. A transverse tabular matter of KID.JOB and AGE in Table 6 exemplifies this statement. Table 6 shows that a bulk of the persons from age 44 and under disagree that a preschool kid suffers, whereas the persons 45 and older agree. However, age in Germany is non a factor harmonizing to Table 7 in the appendix. All ages believe that a working female parent is harmful for her kids.
Table 6
NATION v01 NATION Value = 1 United States
age
Count |
Col Pct |Under ag 30-44 45-59 60 or ov
|e 30 Er Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Sum
KID.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 23 | 45 | 42 | 49 | 158
Strongly agree | 7.3 | 8.0 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 9.0
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 107 | 193 | 194 | 241 | 735
Agree | 34.6 | 34.6 | 47.5 | 50.6 | 42.0
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 160 | 287 | 160 | 172 | 779
Disagree | 51.9 | 51.5 | 39.0 | 36.1 | 44.4
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 19 | 33 | 14 | 14 | 80
Strongly disagre | 6.2 | 5.9 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 4.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 308 558 410 477 1752
Entire 17.6 31.8 23.4 27.2 100.0
Summary and Conclusion
The population in each state has different positions on the adult females & # 8217 ; s motion and its affect on household values and functions. Overall, the states are switching towards a more left-of-center position on this issue and more adult females are seeking high paid callings. Yet, some states are divided on this issue. Understanding the grounds that cause this division is critical in the political kingdom since lawgivers can utilize their control to protect some of these traditional protectionism values if needed.
The United States holds a different position than most other states and the information proves that religionism and age factor into these positions. The analysis of the informations supports the grounds for the United States, whereas they do non hold as big an impact on other states such as Germany. Possibly other factors such as party designation play a larger function in these other states.
Appendix
Table 1
NATION Page 1 of 1
Count |
Col Pct |United S Great Br West Ger France East Ger
|tates itain many many Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Sum
OWN.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 202 | 159 | 393 | 354 | 251 | 1359
Strongly agree | 11.6 | 11.3 | 21.0 | 36.7 | 20.0 | 18.7
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 839 | 798 | 1012 | 405 | 686 | 3740
Agree | 48.0 | 56.4 | 54.1 | 42.0 | 54.7 | 51.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 648 | 426 | 424 | 175 | 287 | 1959
Disagree | 37.1 | 30.1 | 22.7 | 18.2 | 22.9 | 27.0
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 58 | 33 | 42 | 30 | 30 | 193
Strongly disagre | 3.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.7
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 1747 1416 1870 964 1254 7251
Entire 24.1 19.5 25.8 13.3 17.3 100.0
Table 2
NATION Page 1 of 1
Count |
Col Pct |United S Great Br West Ger France East Ger
|tates itain many many Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Sum
MOM.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 470 | 299 | 176 | 396 | 174 | 1515
Strongly agree | 26.2 | 20.7 | 9.0 | 40.0 | 13.3 | 20.2
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 819 | 712 | 634 | 328 | 570 | 3063
Agree | 45.7 | 49.2 | 32.4 | 33.2 | 43.4 | 40.8
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 455 | 383 | 983 | 222 | 511 | 2554
Disagree | 25.4 | 26.5 | 50.1 | 22.4 | 38.9 | 34.0
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 48 | 54 | 167 | 43 | 58 | 370
Strongly disagre | 2.7 | 3.7 | 8.5 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.9
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 1791 1448 1960 989 1313 7501
Entire 23.9 19.3 26.1 13.2 17.5 100.0
Table 5
NATION v01 NATION Value = 3 West Germany
PIOUS Page 1 of 1
Count |
Col Pct |A religi Not reli An athei
|ous pers gious st Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | Sum
KID.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 409 | 135 | 9 | 553
Strongly agree | 37.3 | 26.0 | 20.8 | 33.3
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 548 | 289 | 19 | 856
Agree | 49.9 | 55.9 | 42.6 | 51.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 127 | 84 | 14 | 225
Disagree | 11.6 | 16.3 | 30.1 | 13.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 13 | 10 | 3 | 26
Strongly disagre | 1.2 | 1.8 | 6.5 | 1.5
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 1098 517 45 1660
Entire 66.1 31.2 2.7 100.0
Table 7
NATION v01 NATION Value = 3 West Germany
AGE Page 1 of 1
Count |
Col Pct |Under ag 30-44 45-59 60 or ov
|e 30 Er Row
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Sum
KID.JOB & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
1 | 125 | 140 | 152 | 232 | 650
Strongly agree | 27.2 | 27.3 | 32.2 | 43.2 | 32.7
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
2 | 238 | 268 | 259 | 261 | 1026
Agree | 51.7 | 52.1 | 54.6 | 48.5 | 51.6
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
3 | 87 | 94 | 59 | 42 | 282
Disagree | 18.9 | 18.3 | 12.4 | 7.9 | 14.2
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
4 | 11 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 28
Strongly disagre | 2.3 | 2.3 | .8 | .4 | 1.4
+ & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; + & # 8212 ; & # 8212 ; & # 8211 ; +
Column 461 514 474 537 1986
Entire 23.2 25.9 23.8 27.1 100.0
Bibliography
Mentions
Janda, Kenneth, Jeffrey M. Berry, and Jerry Goldman. 2000. The Challenge of Democracy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Dalton, Russell J. 1996. Citizen Politics. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
