? Abolition of the government’s power to ostracize Filipinos ? Equality for all before the jurisprudence. A charter based on the Cuban Constitution was besides drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was signed on November 1. 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the constitution of a Supreme council that would function as the highest regulating organic structure of the Republic. It besides outlined certain basic human rights. such as freedom of faith. freedom of the imperativeness. and the right to instruction. Emilio Aguinaldo and Mariano Trias were elected Supreme Council president and frailty president. severally. The Biak-na-Bato Pact Fails The Filipino’s and the Spaniards did non swear each other. As a consequence. periodic clangs between the two groups still took topographic point even after Aguinaldo’s going from the state. The Spanish did non pay the full agreed sum.

Continue to The Spanish-American War. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. philippine-history. org/biak-na-bato. htm ) On December 27. 1897. General Emilio Aguinaldo and 25 other radical leaders sailed for Hongkong from Sual. Pangasinan. on board the steamer Uranus. in conformity with the footings of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo. with his work forces in voluntary expatriate in Hongkong as portion of the peace understanding of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato by Pedro Paterno. besides volunteered to be a peace shaper every bit early as August 9. 1897 with the footing of reforms and amnesty. Consequently. Spanish Governor Primo de Rivera realized the impossibleness of squelching the revolution by force of weaponries contrary to his premature announcement on May 17. 1897 that the “revolution is over” .

Gen. Aguinaldo’s forces were driven from Cavite to Bulacan and declared the fundamental law and inaugurated the Republic of Biak-na-Bato on November 1. 1897. Hence. dialogues with Aguinaldo. which specified that the Spanish would give self-government to the Philippines within three old ages if Aguinaldo went into expatriate. began in August and concluded in December with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Besides. under the treaty. Aguinaldo agreed to stop belligerencies as good in exchange for amnesty and 800. 000 pesos ( Filipino money ) as an insurance. He and the other radical leaders would travel into voluntary expatriate.

Another 900. 000 pesos was to be given to the revolutionists who remained in the Philippines. who agreed to give up their weaponries ; general amnesty would be granted and the Spaniards would establish reforms in the settlement. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //tubagbohol. mikeligalig. com/index. php? topic=47544. 0 ) 2. What was the significance of Pact of Biak-na-Bato in the history of the Filipino people? How did the treaty assist the Filipinos to fix themselves in accomplishing the long due independency from Spain? Explain your reply The Pact of Biak-na-Bato Pedro Paterno. a Spaniard Born in the Philippines volunteered to move as negotiant between Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de Rivera in order to stop the clangs.

Paterno’s attempt paid off when on. December 15. 1897. the Pact he sign the Pact as the representative of the revolutionists. and de Rivera as the representative of the Spanish authorities. The Leaders are: Emilio Aguinaldo-President. Mariano Trias-Vice President. Antonio Montenegro-Secretary. Baldomero Aguinaldo-Treasurer. and Emilio Riego de Dios. On December 23. 1897. Generals Celestino Tejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish ground forces arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became sureties of the Rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both cantonments and an understanding between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish authorities will allow self-government to the Philippines in 3 old ages if Aguinaldo went to expatriate and give up his weaponries. In exchange. Aguinaldo will have P800. 000 ( Mexican Pesos ) as wage to the revolutionists and an amnesty.

After having a partial payment of P400. 000. Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27. 1897. Some Filipino generals. nevertheless. did non believe in the earnestness of the Spaniards. They refused to give up their weaponries. However. the Te Deum was still sung on January 23. 1898. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. philippine-history. org/biak-na-bato. htm )

On August 9. 1897. Paterno proposed a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. In wining months. practising shuttle diplomatic negotiations. Paterno traveled back and Forth between Manila and Biak-na-Bato carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno’s attempts led to a peace understanding called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three paperss. the first two being signed on December 14. 1897. and the 3rd being signed on December 15 ; efficaciously stoping the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

The chief conditions of the treaty were: ( 1 ) That I would. and any of my associates who desired to travel with me. be free to populate in any foreign state. Having fixed upon Hongkong as my topographic point of abode. it was agreed that payment of the insurance of $ 800. 000 ( Mexican ) should be made in three installments. viz. . $ 400. 000 when all the weaponries in Biak-na-Bato were delivered to the Spanish governments ; $ 200. 000 when the weaponries surrendered amounted to eight hundred base ; the concluding payment to be made when one thousand base of weaponries shall hold been handed over to the governments and the Te Deum Sung in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the Restoration of peace.

The latter portion of February was fixed as the bound of clip wherein the resignation of weaponries should be completed. ( 2 ) The whole of the money was to be paid to me personally. go forthing the disposal of the money to my discretion and cognition of the apprehension with my associates and other insurrectionists. ( 3 ) Prior to evacuating Biak-na-Bato the balance of the insurrectionist forces under Captain-General Primo de Rivera should direct to Biak-na-Bato two General of the Spanish Army to be held as sureties by my associates who remained there until I and a few of my compatriots arrived in Hongkong and the first installment of the money payment ( viz. . four hundred thousand dollars ) was paid to me.

( 4 ) It was besides agreed that the spiritual corporations in the Philippines be expelled and an independent system of authorities. political and
administrative. be established. though by particular petition of General Primo de Rivera these conditions were non insisted on in the pulling up of the Treaty. the General contending that such grants would subject the Government to severe unfavorable judgment and even ridicule. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato )

3. What is the significance of the announcement of Philippine Independence in 1898? Independence was proclaimed on June 12. 1898 between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the hereditary place of General Emilio Aguinaldo some 30 kilometres South of Manila. The event saw the unfurling of the National Flag of the Philippines. made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo. Lorenza Agoncillo. and Delfina Herboza. and the public presentation of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo. as the national anthem. now known asLupang Hinirang. which was composed by Julian Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon processing set.

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared. written. and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration was signed by 98 people. among them an American ground forces officer who witnessed the announcement. The concluding paragraph provinces that there was a “stranger” ( alien in English interlingual rendition —extrangero in the original Spanish. intending alien ) who attended the proceedings. Mr. L. M. Johnson. described as “a citizen of the U. S. A. a Coronel of Artillery” .

The announcement of Philippine independency was. nevertheless. promulgated on 1 August. when many towns had already been organized under the regulations laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo. Later at Malolos. Bulacan. the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insisting of Apolinario Mabiniwho objected to that the original announcement basically placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence # The_Proclamation_on_June_12 ) Despite the changeless hesitation of the elite. Aguinaldo and his advisors tapped on their services in forming the Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo was eager to turn out that the Filipinos could regulate themselves. and in the procedure it
would legalize the Philippine Republic.

Furthermore. since he and his advisors wereilustrados. Aguinaldo merely trusted his ain sort – the wealthy. educated. and politically experient – in the affair of administration. Therefore. he called on them to convene and make a Congress which would outline a fundamental law. He wanted a Filipino fundamental law to finish the needed fixingss of a crowned head. nation-state – flag. ground forces. authorities. and fundamental law. In his actions. Aguinaldo was advised by Apolinario Mabini who became known as the “Sublime Paralytic” because his spirit was non deterred by his physical disability. and the “Brains of the Revolution” due to his rational acumen.

On January 21. 1899. Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution which was drafted by the ilustrados of the Malolos Congress. Two yearss subsequently. the Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos. Bulacan. the new capital of the fledging authorities. The Philippine Republic was. nevertheless. ephemeral. From the start. Aguinaldo’s forces were contending the Spaniards without military aid from the Americans. Except for the Battle of Manila Bay. the United States was non a major force in the combat. The American military personnels did non get in the state until late June. and they saw no military action until August. But events get downing with the Spanish resignation of Manila on August 13. 1898. doomed the terminal of Philippine independency.

Although the Spanish military personnels had been routed in all foreparts by the Filipinos. the go oning presence of the Americans was fazing. Questions on existent American motivations surfaced with the uninterrupted reaching of American supports. It did non take long for the Filipinos to recognize the echt purposes of the United States.

The unstable and uneasy Philippine-American confederation collapsed on February 4. 1899. when the Philippine-American War broke out and threatened to eliminate the new found freedom of the Filipinos. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //opmanong. ssc. Hawaii. edu/filipino/republic. hypertext markup language ) For our state. adequate clip has passed for “We. the autonomous Filipino People” to give their interpretative power to the tribunals. But reclaim it we did in the impeachment test merely by. wherein the elective deputies in Congress in consequence reasserted the autonomous privilege to do their preferable significances prevail over the Chief Justice’s. about the responsibility of revelation and transparence in the statement of assets. liabilities and net worth and on whether nondisclosure entirely. without cogent evidence of corruptness or loot. is impeachable.

And the really following twenty-four hours. the Supreme Court itself echoed that popular judgement when it lifted its longstanding head covering of secretiveness over the justices’ SALNs. therefore acknowledging the primacy of the people’s over the court’s reading of the fundamental law. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //opinion. enquirer. net/30235/independence-day-1898-and-2012 ) 4. How did the Malolos Congress and its Constitution become momentous to the history of Filipino people? Explain your reply. A commission headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano. the fundamental law was drafted. for the first clip by representatives of the Filipino people and it is the first republican fundamental law in Asia. The fundamental law was inspired by the fundamental laws of Mexico. Guatemala. Costa Rica. Brazil. Belgium and France.

After some minor alterations ( chiefly due to the expostulations of Apolinario Mabini ) . the concluding bill of exchange of the fundamental law was presented to Aguinaldo. This paved the manner to establishing the first Philippine Republic. It established a democratic. republication authorities with three subdivisions – the Executive. Legislative and the Judicial subdivisions. It called for the separation of church and province.

The executive powers were to be exercise by the president of the democracy with the aid of his cabinet. Judicial powers were given to the Supreme Court and other lower tribunals to be created by jurisprudence. The Chief justness of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the legislative assembly with the concurrency of the President and his Cabinet. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. philippine-history. org/malolos-congress. htm ) 5. What prompted the United States of America to declare Spanish-American War? This presentation provides resources and paperss about the Spanish-American War. the period before the war. and some of the absorbing people who participated in the combat or commented about it.

Information about Cuba. Guam. the Philippines. Puerto Rico. Spain. and the United States is provided in chronologies. bibliographies. and a assortment of pictural and textual stuff from bilingual beginnings. supplemented by an overview essay about the war and the period. Among the participants and writers featured are such well-known figures as Presidents Grover Cleveland. William McKinley. and Theodore Roosevelt. every bit good as Admiral George Dewey and writer Mark Twain ( United States ) . together with other of import figures such as Antonio Maceo and Jose Marti ( Cuba ) . Roman Baldorioty de Castro and Lola Rodriguez de Tio ( Puerto Rico ) . Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo ( Philippines ) . and Antonio Canovas del Castillo and Ramon Blanco ( Spain ) . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. loc. gov/rr/hispanic/1898/ ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //spanamwar. com/timeline. htm ) Revolts against Spanish regulation had been endemic for decennaries in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans ; there had been war panics earlier. as in the Virginius Affair in 1873.

By 1897–98. American public sentiment grew angrier at studies of Spanish atrociousnesss in Cuba. After the cryptic sinking of the American battlewagon Maine in Havana seaport. political force per unit areas from the Democratic Party pushed the disposal of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible. ensuing in the United States directing an ultimatum to Spain demanding it instantly surrender control of Cuba. which the Spanish rejected. First Madrid. so Washington. officially declared war. Although the chief issue was Cuban independency. the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific.

American naval power proved decisive. leting U. S. expeditionary forces to debark in Cuba against a Spanish fort already staggering from countrywide insurrectionist onslaughts and wasted by xanthous febrility. Cuban. Philippine. and American forces obtained the resignation of Santiago de Cuba and Manila owing to their numerical high quality in most of the conflicts and despite the good public presentation of some Spanish foot units and spirited defences in topographic points like San Juan Hill. With two disused Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba andManila Bay and a 3rd. more modern fleet recalled place to protect the Spanish seashores. Madrid sued for peace.

The consequence was the 1898 Treaty of Paris. negotiated on footings favourable to the U. S. . which allowed impermanent American control of Cuba and. following their purchase from Spain. indefinite colonial authorization over Puerto Rico. Guam. and the Philippines. The licking and prostration of the Spanish Empire was a profound daze to Spain’s national mind. and provoked a exhaustive philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ’98. The master gained several island ownerships crossing the Earth and a rancorous new argument over the wisdom of expansionism. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish % E2 % 80 % 93American_War )

6. Discourse the grounds behind the Filipino-American War ( 1899-1906 ) . On February 4. 1899. an American soldier. Private William Grayson. shooting a Filipino soldier at the span of San Juan. Manila. The fatal shooting was followed by an immediate U. S. offensive on the Filipino lines. This marked the beginning of the Philippine-American War. which lasted for three old ages until the constitution of the civilian colonial authorities of Governor-General William Howard Taft on July 4. 1902.

The timing of the San Juan incident is fishy since it happened merely two yearss before the U. S. Congress was scheduled to sign the Treaty of Paris on February 6. 1899. Under the pact. Spain officially ceded the Philippines. Guam. and Puerto Rico to the United States in exchange for $ 20 million. Since the U. S. Congress. like the American populace. was equally split between the anti-imperialists and pro-annexationists. the pact was expected to see unsmooth seafaring when submitted to the Chamber for confirmation.

The San Juan incident and the eruption of the Filipino American War tilted sentiment in favour of geting the Philippines. and therefore the pact was ratified by the U. S. Congress. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //opmanong. ssc. Hawaii. edu/filipino/philam. hypertext markup language ) The struggle arose from the battle of the First Philippine Republic to derive independency following appropriation by the United States. The war was portion of a series of struggles in the Philippine battle for independency. preceded by the Filipino Revolution and the Spanish–American War.

Contending erupted between U. S. and Filipino radical forces on February 4. 1899. and rapidly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2. 1899. the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 4. 1902. However. some groups led by veterans of the Katipunan society continued to conflict the American forces. Among those leaders was General Macario Sacay. a seasoned Katipunan member who assumed the presidential term of the announced Tagalog Republic. formed in 1902 after the gaining control of President Aguinaldo. Other groups. including the Moro people and Pulahanes. continued belligerencies until their licking at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15. 1913.

Resistance to the war inspired the initiation of the Anti-Imperialist League on June 15. 1898. The war and business by the United States would alter the cultural landscape of the islands. as the people dealt with an estimated 34. 000–1. 000. 000 casualties. disestablishment of the Catholic Church as the Philippine province faith ( as the United States allowed freedom of faith ) . and the debut of the English linguistic communication as the primary linguistic communication of authorities and most concerns. In 1916. the United States promised some self-government. a limited signifier of which came in 1935. In 1946. undermentioned World War II. the United States gave the district independency through the Treaty of Manila. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Philippine % E2 % 80 % 93American_War )

7. Describe the Military and Civil regulation of the United States of America in the Philippines. On January 20. 1899. President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission ( the Schurman Commission ) . a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman. president of Cornell University. and including Admiral Dewey and General Otis. to look into conditions in the islands and do recommendations. In the study that they issued to the president the undermentioned twelvemonth. the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independency ; they declared. nevertheless. that the Philippines was non ready for it. Specific recommendations included the constitution of civilian authorities every bit quickly as possible ( the American head executive in the islands at that clip was the military governor ) . including constitution of a bicameral legislative assembly. independent authoritiess on the provincial and municipal degrees. and a system of free public simple schools.

The Second Philippine Commission ( the Taft Commission ) . appointed by McKinley on March 16. 1900. and headed by William Howard Taft. was granted legislative every bit good as limited executive powers. Between September 1900 and August 1902. it issued 499 Torahs. A judicial system was established. including a Supreme Court. and a legal codification was drawn up to replace antediluvian Spanish regulations. A civil service was organized. The 1901 municipal codification provided for popularly elected presidents. frailty presidents. and councilors to function on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for roll uping revenue enhancements. keeping municipal belongingss. and undertaking necessary building undertakings ; they besides elected provincial governors. In July 1901 the Philippine Constabulary was organized as an archipelago-wide constabulary force to command brigandage and trade with the leftovers of the seditious motion.