Contents
Introduction_ 2
1. Austria 3
1.1 The Rise of Austria 3
1.2 The Austrian Empire 5
1.3 Modern Austria 8
2. The touristry industry as a portion of the Austrian economy_ 11
2.1 The Organizational Structure 11
2.2 Economic Significance 12
2.3 Tendencies in Austrian Tourism_ 14
2.4The touristry labor market 16
Conclusion_ 19
Literature 20
Introduction Introduction
Austria ( in German, & # 1062 ; sterreich ) , officially Republic of Austria, democracy in cardinal Europe, bordered on the North by the Czech Republic ; on the north-east by Slovakia ; on the E by Hungary ; on the South by Slovenia, Italy, and Switzerland ; and on the West by Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Germany.
Austria is about 580 kilometers ( 360 myocardial infarction ) long and has an country of 83,859 sq kilometer ( 32,378 sq myocardial infarction ) . Vienna is the state ‘s capital and largest metropolis.
During the past 10 centuries, the term Austria has designated a assortment of geographic and political constructs. In its narrowest sense Austria has included merely the contemporary states of Upper and Lower Austria, including Vienna ; in its widest intending the term has covered the widespread spheres of the imperial house of Hapsburg. Its present intension & # 8212 ; German-speaking Austria & # 8212 ; dates merely from 1918. This article deals chiefly with the history of German-speaking Austria. For broad historical background, see Holy Roman Empire ; Hapsburg ; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy ; Hungary ; Bohemia ; and Netherlands, Austrian and Spanish.
Visits to Austria largely include trips to Vienna with its Cathedral, its “ Heurigenschenken ” ( wine saloon ) and romantic Waltz music genius. Worth a visit are Salzburg, place of birth of Mozart, Innsbruck, capital of Tyrol, surrounded by the Alps and Danube vale with its vineries, for illustration the Wachau, which is between Melk und Krems. In the western portion of the state Austria reaches Lake Constance, in the eastern portion Neusiedler See. Austria besides is celebrated for its skiing and boosting resorts in the Alps and for its lakes.
1. Austria 1. Oesterreichs
1.1 The Rise of Austria 1.1 The Rise of Austria
Austria is located at the hamlets of Europe ; Vienna is at the gate of the Danubian field, and the Brenner Pass in W Austria links Germany and Italy. From earliest times Austrian district has been a thoroughfare, a battlefield, and a boundary line country. It was occupied by Celts and Suebi when the Romans conquered ( 15 B.C. & # 8211 ; A.D. 10 ) and divided it among the states of Rhaetia, Noricum, and Upper Pannonia. After the fifth cent. A.D. , Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Bavarians overran and devastated the states. By c.600, Slavs from the E had occupied all of modern Styria, Lower Austria, and Carinthia.
In 788, Charlemagne conquered the country and put up the first Austrian ( i.e. , Eastern ) March in the present Upper and Lower Austria, to hold the inroads of the Avars. Colonization was encouraged, and Christianity ( which had been introduced under the Romans ) was once more dispersed energetically. After Charlemagne ‘s decease ( 814 ) the March shortly fell to the Moravians and subsequently to the Magyars, from whom it was taken ( 955 ) by Emperor Otto I. Otto reconstituted the March and attached it to Bavaria, but, in 976, Otto II bestowed it as a separate feoff on Leopold of Babenberg, laminitis of the first Austrian dynasty. Emperor Frederick I raised ( 1156 ) Austria to a dukedom, and, in 1192, Styria besides passed under Babenberg regulation.
The 11th and 12th cent. saw the tallness of Austrian feudal system and besides witnessed the pronounced development of towns as the Danube was converted to a great trade path. After the decease ( 1246 ) of the last Babenberg, King Ottocar II of Bohemia acquired ( 1251 & # 8211 ; 69 ) Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. Fearing his power, the German princes elected ( 1273 ) Rudolf of Hapsburg German male monarch. Rudolf I asserted ( 1282 ) his royal privilege to repossess the four dukedoms from Ottocar and integrate them in his spheres. After the slaying ( 1308 ) of Rudolf ‘s boy, Albert I, the German princes balked at electing another member of the ambitious household.
Albert ‘s ducal replacements enlarged the Hapsburg retentions by geting Tyrol ( 1363 ) and Trieste ( 1382 ) and extended their influence over the ecclesiastic provinces of Salzburg, Trent, and Brixen ( see Bressanone ) , which, nevertheless, remained independent until 1803. Marriage allowed Albert II to be elective German male monarch in 1438. Get downing with Albert II, the swayers of the Holy Roman Empire were ever chosen from the Hapsburg dynasty. Despite their huge imperial preoccupations, the emperors ever considered German Austria the prized nucleus of their rules. During the long reign of Frederick III ( 1440 & # 8211 ; 93 ) , the drawn-out Hapsburg wars with France began. In 1526, Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary were united under one Crown ( see Ferdinand I, emperor ) . In the same twelvemonth Vienna was besieged for two hebdomads by military personnels of the Ottoman Empire under Sulayman the Magnificent, who had made a forceful progress into Europe. The Turkish menace to Austria ebbed and so culminate once more in the 2nd besieging of Vienna in 1683.
The forms of medievalism were weakening in Austria, particularly as the money economic system spread, and in the 16th cent. the commercial revolution diminished the importance of Austrian trade paths and of the ancient gold and silver mines of Tyrol and Carinthia. Economic and political instability in the 16th cent. precipitated the spread of the Protestant Reformation, which the Hapsburg swayers attempted to counter by fostering the Counter Reformation. The confederation so formed between church and province continued throughout the history of the monarchy.
The Austrian peasantry, particularly in Tyrol, had gained some advantages in the Peasants ‘ War of 1524 & # 8211 ; 26 ; in general, nevertheless, the rise, backed by some Protestants but non by Luther, was defeated. Suppression of Protestantism was at first impossible, and, under Maximilian II, Lutheran Lords were granted considerable acceptance. Rudolph II and Matthias pursued policies of partial Catholicization, and, under Ferdinand II, anti-Protestant energy helped to precipitate the Thirty Years War ( 1618 & # 8211 ; 48 ) . Protestant Bohemia and Moravia, defeated by the Austrians at the White Mt. ( 1620 ) , became practical Austrian states. Austria proper remained comparatively unharmed in the long holocaust ; after the Peace of Westphalia the Hapsburg lands emerged as a distinguishable imperium, whereas the Holy Roman Empire drifted into a mere shadow being.
1.2 The Austrian Empire 1.2 The Austrian Empire
The monarchy, although repressive of free address and worship, was far from absolute ; revenue enhancement and other powers rested with the provincial estates for a farther century. Emperor Charles VI ( 1711 & # 8211 ; 40 ) , whose dynastic wars had drained the province, secured the sequence to the Hapsburg lands for his girl, Maria Theresa, by agencies of the matter-of-fact countenance. Maria Theresa ‘s battle with Frederick II of Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession ( see Austrian Succession, War of the ) and the Seven Years War opened a long battle for laterality in the German lands.
Except for the loss of Silesia, Maria Theresa held her ain. The provincial estates were reduced in power, and an efficient centralised bureaucratism was created ; as the Lords were attracted to bureaucratic service their power as a category was weakened. Maria Theresa ‘s hubby, Francis I, became Holy Roman emperor in 1745, but his place was mostly titular. The major event of Maria Theresa ‘s ulterior reign was the first divider of Poland ( 1772 ; see Poland, dividers of ) ; in that dealing and in the 3rd divider ( 1795 ) Austria renewed its eastbound enlargement.
Joseph II, who succeeded her, impulsively carried frontward the reforms which his female parent had carefully begun. His efforts to farther centralize and Germanize his scattered and disparate rules met obstinate opposition ; his undertaking to consolidate his province by interchanging the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was balked by Frederick II. An example of & # 8220 ; benevolent absolutism & # 8221 ; and a adherent of the Enlightenment, Joseph besides decreed a series of radical agricultural, financial, spiritual, and judicial reforms ; nevertheless, resistance, particularly from among the clergy and the landholders, forced his replacement, Leopold II, to revoke many of them. In Joseph ‘s reign the Austrian middle class began to emerge as a societal and cultural force. Music and architecture ( see Vienna ) flourished in 18th-century Austria, and modern Austrian literature ( see German literature ) emerged early in the 19th cent.
In the reign of Francis II, Austria was drawn ( 1792 ) into war with radical France ( see Gallic Revolutionary Wars ) and with Napoleon I. The pacts of Campo Formio ( 1797 ) and Lun & # 233 ; ville ( 1801 ) preluded the disintegration ( 1806 ) of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1804, Francis II took the rubric & # 8220 ; Francis I, emperor of Austria. & # 8221 ; His mob at Austerlitz ( 1805 ) led to the terrible Treaty of Pressburg ( see Pressburg, Treaty of ) .
An rush of nationalism resulted in the reclamation of war with Napoleon in 1809 ; Austria ‘s licking at Wagram led to the even more demeaning Peace of Sch & # 246 ; nbrunn ( see under Sch & # 246 ; nbrunn ) . Austria was forced to side with Napoleon in the Russian run of 1812, but in 1813 it once more joined the alliance against Napoleon ; an Austrian, Prince Karl Philipp von Schwarzenberg, headed the allied forces. The Congress of Vienna ( 1814 & # 8211 ; 15 ; see Vienna, Congress of ) did non reconstruct to Austria its former ownerships in the Netherlands and in Baden but awarded it Lombardy, Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia.
As the taking power of both the German Confederation and the Holy Alliance, Austria under the ministry of Metternich dominated European political relations. Conservatism and the repression of chauvinistic nisuss characterized the age. Nevertheless, the Metternich period was one of great cultural accomplishment, peculiarly in music and literature.
The revolutions of 1848 shook the Hapsburg imperium but finally failed because of the conflicting economic ends of the center and lower categories and because of the conflicting nationalist aspirations that set the radical motions of Germans, Slavs, Hungarians, and Italians against each other. Rebellions were at first successful throughout the imperium ( see Risorgimento ; Galicia ; Bohemia ; Hungary ) ; in Vienna the revolutionaries drove out Metternich ( Mar. , 1848 ) . Emperor Ferdinand granted ( April ) a broad fundamental law, which a component assembly replaced ( July ) with a more democratic one. After a new eruption Vienna was bombarded, and the revolutionaries were punished by military personnels under General Windischgr & # 228 ; tz. Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg became premier and engineered the stepping down of Ferdinand in favour of Francis Joseph.
The military and political failing of the imperium was demonstrated by the Austrian loss of Lombardy in the Italian War of 1859. Attempts to work out the nationalities job & # 8212 ; the & # 8220 ; October Diploma & # 8221 ; ( 1860 ) , which created a cardinal legislative assembly and gave increased powers to the provincial assemblies of Lords, and the & # 8220 ; February Patent, & # 8221 ; which transferred many of these powers to the cardinal legislative assembly & # 8212 ; failed. Prussia seized the chance to drive Austria out of Germany. After affecting Austria in the war over Schleswig-Holstein in 1864, Bismarck found an easy stalking-horse for assailing. Overwhelmingly defeated by Prussia at Sadov & # 225 ; ( Sadowa ) in 1866 ( see Austro-Prussian War ) , Austria was forced to yield Venetia to Italy. With this fiasco Austria ‘s political function in Germany came to an terminal.
A reorganisation of the authorities of the imperium became inevitable, and in 1867 a via media ( Ger. Ausgleich ) with Magyar moderate patriots established a double province, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. But the kingdom, a land of diverse peoples ruled by a German-Magyar minority, progressively became an mistiming in a chauvinistic age. Failure to supply a satisfactory position for the other nationalities, notably the Slavs, played a major function in conveying about World War I. Important developments in Austrian society during this period were the continued irresponsibleness of the aristocracy and the retardation of the peasantry, the growing of a socialist on the job category, widespread antisemitism stimulated by the large-scale motion to Austria of hapless Hebrews from the eastern states, and extraordinary cultural creativeness in Vienna.
The black class of the war led to the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918. Charles I renounced power ; after a peaceable revolution staged by the Socialist and Pan-German parties, German Austria was proclaimed ( Nov. 12 ) a democracy and a portion of Greater Germany.
1.3 Modern Austria 1.3 Modern Austria
The Treaty of Saint-Germain ( 1919 ) fixed the present Austrian boundary lines and forbade ( as did the Treaty of Versailles ) any political or economic brotherhood ( Ger. Anschluss ) with Germany. This left Austria a little state with some 7 million dwellers, one tierce of whom lived in a individual big metropolis ( Vienna ) that had been geared to be the fiscal and industrial hub of a big province. The Dual Monarchy had been virtually self-sufficing economically ; its dissolution and the attendant hard-on of duty walls deprived Austria of natural stuffs, nutrient, and markets. In the postwar period, famishment and grippe exacted a heavy toll, particularly in Vienna. These ailments were followed by currency rising prices, ended merely in 1924 by agencies of League of Nations assistance, following upon chronic unemployment, fiscal dirts and crises, and turning political agitation.
& # 8220 ; Red & # 8221 ; Vienna, under the moderate socialist authorities of Karl Seitz, became progressively opposed by the & # 8220 ; Black & # 8221 ; ( i.e. , clericalist ) rural cabal, which won the elections of 1921. The cabinet of Social Democrat Karl Renner was succeeded by Christian Socialist and Pan-German alliances under Schober, Seipel, and others. Unrest culminated, in 1927, in violent public violences in Vienna ; two rival private reserves & # 8212 ; the Heimwehr of the monarchist leader E. R. von Starhemberg and the Schutzbund of the socialists & # 8212 ; posed a menace to the authorization of the province. Economic crisis loomed once more in the late twentiess. National Socialism, feeding in portion on antisemitism, gained quickly and shortly absorbed the Pan-German party.
Engelbert Dollfuss, who became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1932, though irreconcilably opposed to Anschluss and to National Socialism, tended progressively toward corporative fascism and relied to a great extent on Italian support. His austere suppression of the socialists precipitated a serious rebellion ( 1934 ) , which was bloodily suppressed by the ground forces. Soon afterward a totalitarian province was set up, and all independent political parties were outlawed. In July, 1934, the National Socialists assassinated Dollfuss but failed to prehend the authorities.
Kurt von Schuschnigg succeeded Dollfuss. German force per unit area on Austria increased ; Schuschnigg was forced to legalise the operations of the National Socialists and to name members of that party to cabinet stations. Schuschnigg planned a last-minute attempt to avoid Anschluss by keeping a plebiscite, but Hitler forced him to vacate. In Mar. , 1938, Austria was occupied by German military personnels and became portion of the Reich.
Arthur Seyss-Inquart became the Nazi governor.
In 1943, the Allies agreed to restore an independent Austria at the terminal of World War II. In 1945, Austria was conquered by Soviet and American military personnels, and a probationary authorities was set up under Karl Renner. The pre-Dollfuss fundamental law was restored with alterations ; the state was divided into separate business zones, each controlled by an Allied power.
Economic recovery was hindered by the diminution of trade between Western and Eastern Europe and by the division into zones. Austria was officially recognized by the Western powers in 1946, but because of Soviet dissension with the West over reparations, the business continued. On May 15, 1955, a formal pact between Great Britain, France, the United States, the USSR, and Austria restored full sovereignty to the state. The pact prohibited the ownership of major violative arms and required Austria to pay heavy reparations to the USSR. Austria proclaimed its ageless neutrality. In 1955 it was admitted to the United Nations.
By the sixtiess unprecedented prosperity had been attained. Austria had joined the European Free Trade Association in 1959, but association with the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) was held back by Soviet resistance. Politically, a about equal balance of power between the conservative People ‘s party and the Socialist party resulted in consecutive alliance cabinets until 1966, when the People ‘s party won a clear bulk. They were ousted by the Socialists in the 1970 elections, and Bruno Kreisky became Chancellor of the Exchequer. A long-standing difference with Italy over the German-speaking population of the Trentino & # 8211 ; Alto Adige part of Italy was dealt with in a pact ratified in 1971.
In 1983 the Socialistic authorities fell, and Socialists were forced to organize a alliance with the reactionary Freedom party. In 1986 the Socialists ( now the Social Democrats ) and the People ‘s party once more joined together in a & # 8220 ; expansive alliance & # 8221 ; that retained control of the authorities through the 1990s. Social Democrat Franz Vranitzky was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1986 to 1997, when he resigned and was replaced by Viktor Klima. In the Oct. , 1999, elections, the People ‘s party placed 3rd, merely hardly behind the reactionary Freedom party, whose leader, J & # 246 ; roentgenium Haider, has been critized as demagogic. The consequences complicated the formation of a new authorities, which still was non achieved by Dec. , 1999, when Klima sought to re-form the Social Democratic & # 8211 ; People ‘s party alliance.
Austria captured universe attending in 1986 when former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim was elected president despite allegations that he had been involved in atrociousnesss as a German ground forces staff officer in the Balkans during World War II. Waldheim was succeeded in 1992 by Thomas Klestil, the campaigner of the People ‘s party. Austria began a partial denationalization of state-owned industries in the late eightiess and entered the European Union in 1995.
2. The touristry industry as a portion of the Austrian economic system 2. The touristry industry as a portion of the Austrian economic system
The olympian Alps, plentiful woods, 88 lakes and a considerable web of rivers all add to Austria & # 8217 ; s natural beauty and vivacious countryside. As a popular vacation finish in Central Europe, Austria plays host to visitants from all over the universe. Therefore, touristry plays an of import function in the Austrian economic system.
2.1 The Organizational Structure 2.1 The Organizational Structure
Harmonizing to a federal rule of the Austrian fundamental law, each of the 9 Austrian Federal Provinces is responsible for its ain touristry. At the provincial degree, tourer boards and a particular division of the provincial authoritiess conduct touristry.
Although the fundamental law itself allocates duty for touristry to the federal states, the Federal Government is held accountable for the general economic policy, public conveyance, funding instruments and subsidies – all inquiries which are straight or indirectly related to touristry.
The selling activities in Austria & # 8217 ; s touristry industry are provided by the “ Austrian National Tourist Office ” ( ANTO ) . The Austrian Federal Government, the local authoritiess of the 9 states, and the Austrian Economic Chamber are affiliated to the ANTO.
With a budget of around 44,743 mio. in 2001, the Austrian National Tourist Office strives to advance Austrian touristry on both the domestic and the international degrees. To this terminal, it maintains 24 representative offices in all major incoming-tourist states of the universe, 4 selling offices and several representatives/tourism directors and honorary representatives in a figure of other states ( about 80 representatives in entire ) .
2.2 Economic Significance 2.2 Economic Significance
Austria ‘s touristry and leisure industry plays a critical function in the Austrian economic system. In 2002, the entire foreign currency net incomes from touristry amounted to about 14,13 million & # 8364 ; ( +5.5 % compared with 2001 ) . Therefore, touristry histories for 18,6 % of Austria ‘s entire export net incomes, for some 6,5 % of the GDP and employs some 500,000 people. In footings of the per capita income in foreign currency from touristry, Austria is at the reign with yearly about 1,400 & # 8364 ; .
The figure of beds and the figure of nightlong corsets are the most of import statistical indexs to mensurate the public presentation of touristry. The Austrian enrollment system ensures accurate statistical informations. In 2002, about 1.151 million invitee beds were registered.
In the same twelvemonth, the figure of nightlong corsets amounted to 116,8 million. Visitors from abroad accounted for about 85,79 million and domestic invitees for about 31,01 million ( comparing to 2001: +1,5 % in entire ) . Therefore, foreign visitants represented 73.4 % of the entire nightlong corsets in 2002. Austria is once more among the top tourer finishs.
Another of import statistical index is the figure of reachings: In 2002 they amounted to 27,36 million ( ensuing in a asset of 1.7 % compared to 2001 or about 465,882 more than the old twelvemonth ) . The invitees stayed an mean period of 4.27 yearss, which resulted in a 26.6 % tenancy rate of invitee beds.
Number of Arrivals and Average Staying Period ( 1976-2002 )
Foreign currency grosss amounted to about 14,13 million & # 8364 ; in 2002, which, with + 25.3 % ( the 10,97 million & # 8364 ; the Austrians exhausted abroad already deducted resulted in no trade balance shortage in 2002. Therefore, the touristry industry, for one time, wholly balanced Austria ‘s traditional trade shortage and resulted in a excess of 170 million & # 8364 ; .
Traditionally, the huge bulk of tourers come from Germany – in 2002 they accounted for approx. 53,52 million overnight-stays ( around 62.4 % of the entire and +/- 2 % volt-ampere. ) :
|
Germany The Netherlands Great Britain Switzerland Italy Belgique France USA Danmark Hungary Poland |
62.4 % 9.6 % 3.8 % 3.8 % 3.3 % 2.5 % 1.8 % 1.6 % 1.1 % 1.0 % 1.0 % |
States of Beginning: Share in Bednights 2002
2.3 Tendencies in Austrian Tourism 2.3 Trends in Austrian Tourism
In an industry of changeless alteration, Austrian touristry must ever stay flexible in its reaction to new tourer tendencies.
Possibly one of the most singular tendencies is the increased inflow of visitants from outside the German-speaking states.
Other tendencies include an addition in shorter vacations each twelvemonth, demands for higher quality adjustment and metropolis touristry.
Warmly welcomed by the Austrian touristry industry, these tendencies fit absolutely into the planned policy which seeks to better quality criterions and to diversify the incoming tourist state of beginning.
Less welcome tendencies such as the strong move from summer season vacations towards winter season vacations, pose existent jobs for endeavors which depend on merely one season for concern – chiefly the summer season. While winter touristry accounted for merely 33.7 % of entire nightlong corsets 23 old ages ago ( 1979/1980 ) , 2001/2002 showed a displacement in favor of winter with 56.3 % of entire nightlong corsets.
The tendency toward higher quality adjustment makes things more hard and creates jobs for a big figure of lower class hotels and private accomodation.
Number of Beds in One to Five Star Hotels 1990-2002 1 to 5 Star Hotels
In footings of long-run development, the experts speak of a normalizing consequence since 1973: the predating period brought annually touristic growing rates of 6 to 10 % , with top rates at about 15 % -rates, which could non hold been maintained for any length at clip without a harmful impact on the environment. Since so, the growing rates have decreased and were even negative on a few occasions. Nevertheless, a modest addition was on norm maintained and should go on in the foreseeable hereafter.
Austria & # 8217 ; s official touristry policy goes under the slogan “ Quality before Quantity ” . This means, for illustration, that public fiscal subsidies to touristic endeavors are merely granted if the planned investing promises to better quality criterions alternatively of enlargening the quantitative capacity.
Many attempts have been made in recent old ages to supply a wider scope of touristry installations in order to pull new mark groups ( i.e. groups in hunt of amusement, amusement and leisure activities ) . Since the figure of tourers seeking minimum activity during holiday is worsening, Austria now offers 900 indoor swimming-pools, 22,000 kilometer of prepared alpine ski-slopes, 16,000 kilometer of cross-country ski trails, 60 wild-life Parkss – to advert merely a few illustrations.
To prolong its success in a altering Europe, Austria must open up new markets for prospective tourers from abroad and from Eastern European states.
The inclination towards “ choice touristry ” , which progressively demands extremely qualified forces, will go on.
2.4 The touristry labour market 2.4 The touristry labor market
Demand for extremely qualified forces in touristry is still really high. Taking labour market statistics as an index for the demand for specialised qualified forces in this field, it appears that there is still an above-average demand for occupations in touristry.
Between 1986 and 2002 the figure of employees increased by about 31,9 % from 131,649 to 173,643 ( informations mentioning to July ) . Some 28 % of the entire work force in touristry are foreign workers.
A feature of the touristry labor market is high mobility. Seasonal workers tend to alter their employers on a regular basis.
Labour Market: Seasonal Changes in 2002
| entire figure of employed individuals | entire figure of unemployed individuals in the touristry sector | |
| Jan-02 | 162,272 | 28,362 |
| Feb-02 | 164,228 | 28,258 |
| Mar-02 | 159,157 | 29,060 |
| Apr-02 | 133,576 | 43,611 |
| May-02 | 144,015 | 35,591 |
| Jun-02 | 159,677 | 26,462 |
| Jul-02 | 173,643 | 21,995 |
| Aug-02 | 170,679 | 23,088 |
| Sep-02 | 155,854 | 27,940 |
| Okt-02 | 134,125 | 41,121 |
| Nov-02 | 127,711 | 49,703 |
| Dec-02 | 153,031 | 28,078 |
| Jahres-durchschnitt | 153,164 | 31,940 |
Female employees account for over 60 per cent of the touristry labour market.
Professions in touristry are inordinately attractive for immature grownups: among the 10s most popular apprenticeship trades with immature females, four are to be found in the tourer sector ( dual apprenticeship “ restaurant specializer – service/cook ” , and the individual apprenticeships “ restaurant specializer – service ” , “ cook ” , “ hotel and restaurant trade commercial helper ” ) . Among immature males, the business of “ cook ” counts among the most popular makings – this is all the more important as 80 % of female and 55 % of male learners decide for a sum of merely 10 apprenticeship trades.
During and after apprenticeship preparation, there is a broad assortment of vocational and farther instruction and preparation chances open to them – proficient schools, higher proficient and vocational schools ( BHS ) , particular programmes, post-secondary classs, particular academies, survey classs at Fachhochschule ( i.e. non-university establishments in 3rd flat instruction ) , university survey programmes and classs – , all of which fulfill the demands of modern, high quality touristry and, at the same clip, do it possible for the participants in the preparation procedure to obtain about any formal making and any imaginable place on the calling ladder due to the high grade of transparence in the educational system.
Conclusion Conclusion
Austria is located at the hamlets of Europe ; Vienna is at the gate of the Danubian field, and the Brenner Pass in W Austria links Germany and Italy. From earliest times Austrian district has been a thoroughfare, a battlefield, and a boundary line country.
Austria ‘s clime is by and large moderate and mild but varies from the Alpine part to the eastern field. Summer can be hot and long with mean summer temperatures that range from 20 & # 176 ; C to 30 & # 176 ; C. The mean winter temperatures are around 0 & # 176 ; . Snow on the mountains in spring and fall is non uncommon. In Vienna itself you can bask the really mild clime, a soft zephyr, fresh air produced by the environing Wienerwald.
Tourism is one of Austria ‘s major industries, lending an estimated 10 % of the GDP. There are about 70,000 concerns with a turnover that has late stabilised at about ATS 180,000 million. Employment is approximately 142,000 on one-year norm, or approximately 5 % of the national sum. In the extremum season, in mid-summer, the industry employs about 160,000 people. Neither employment figure includes the employers themselves, who are an of import portion of the work force in the industry.
Literature Literature
1. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright & # 169 ; 1994, 2003, Columbia University Press.
2. M.A. Sully, A Contemporary History of Austria, 2006.
3. B. Head, State and Economy in Australia, 2003.
4. & # 1052 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1048 ; . & # 1040 ; . & # 1056 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1091 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1100 ; & # 1087 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1093 ; : & # 1089 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1080 ; : & # 1054 ; & # 1073 ; & # 1040 ; & # 1074 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1080 ; . – & # 1052 ; . : & # 1055 ; & # 1086 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1076 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1090 ; , 1988.
