Introduction

Since the intent of the survey is the job refering plastic forbiddance. the research workers focused on the haphazard posed by the issue. Plastic bags are one of the plastic merchandises produced in greater Numberss. and one of the merchandises most normally dispersed in the environment. Unlike any other waste merchandises. plastics have a slow rate of decomposition and histories for assorted bad lucks of deluging e. I.

Plastic bags have been introduced in 1970’s ( Williamson. 2003 ) and gained an increasing popularity amongst consumers and retail merchants. They are available in immense Numberss and assortments across the universe. It is estimated that around 500 billion plastic bags are used every twelvemonth worldwide ( Spokas. 2007 ; Geographical. 2005 ) . This widespread use is attributed to their bargain rate and convenience to utilize. The huge bulk of these bags are discarded as wastes normally after a individual usage. It is besides believed that after their entry into environment. plastic. At present clip. studies province that approximately 6. 000 dozenss is either hauled to dump sites. dumped illicitly on private land. in rivers. brook. Manila Bay or openly burned.

Merely 720 dozenss ( About 10. 7 % ) of the 6. 700 dozenss is recycled or composed. Given this norm. 2. 4 million dozenss of refuse will be generated every twelvemonth. This is tantamount to over 230 million three-dimensional metres of waste. an sum that equates to a ankle-deep bed of waste over the full city ( over 630 square metres ) . Collection of this waste will necessitate a line of refuse trucks traveling three times around the Earth. and over halfway to the Moon. The statistic shows a dramatic 75. 55 % of the entire volumes of rubbish collected are plastics. harmonizing to Global Alliance for incinerator Alterative ( GAIA ) . Greenpeace. Mother Earth Foundation and Metropolitan Manila Development Authority ( MMDA ) .

This fact showed the current issue refering the prohibition of plastic ( s ) . Wherein the estimated sum solid waste generated in Metro Manila daily is 6. 700 dozenss ( based on 2003 population estimations )

Consequently. the Filipino News Agency reported that the municipality of Pasay City implemented its prohibition of plastic bags get downing in September. twelvemonth 2012. The metropolis authorities passed City Ordinance No. 4647. series of 2011 last September. Under the regulation. all shops in the City shall supply or do available to clients merely reclaimable paper carry-out bags. reclaimable bags. and compostable plastics bags for transporting out goods. In an interview. Pasay City Mayor Tony G. Calixto encouraged all shop proprietors and operators to dependably follow with this regulation. Still. the edict does non forbid or suppress clients from utilizing bags of any type that they bring to the shop or from transporting goods that are non placed in a bag. Besides. reception of a client must bear down the client a sensible sum for each reclaimable paper carry out bag and reclaimable bag ; provided. that no discount or reimbursement to a client is allowed of any part of the sum charged required thereof.

Violators of the ordinance will be apprehended and will be given warning for the first discourtesy ; 1000 pesos mulct will be meted out for the 2nd discourtesy ; 3000 pesos mulct for the 3rd discourtesy: and closing or cancellation of the Mayors/Business Permit is mandated for the concluding misdemeanor. The local head executive added that the ordinance`s execution is seasonably. given the monolithic implosion therapy that late hit Metro Manila and nearby states due to the South west monsoon. The Pasay metropolis Government announced that it would give the proprietors and operators of assorted shops and constitution in the metropolis ample clip to fix for the eventual execution of the Ban on the usage of plastic bags. – ( pasay. gov. pH )

Statement of the Problem

This research instance study by and large trades with the forbiddance of plastic bags in the locality of Pasay City. It focuses on the quandary refering the prohibition of utilizing plastic ( s ) . In order to happen the sought information. the undermentioned research inquiries are to be answered: 1. How do the respondents profile be depicted in footings of:

2. 1 Old ages of residence

2. 2 Occupation
2. 3 Civil Status
2. 4 Membership/Affiliation to any community/Societal organisation 2.
What is the extent of consciousness of selected respondents in Pasay City to the regulation in footings of the followers:

3. 5 Public Announcement

3. 6 Media
3. 7 Online beginnings
3. What is the extent of execution of City Ordinance No. 4647 in footings of:
4. 8 Commercial Use
4. 9 Residential Use
4. 10 Industrial Use
4. What are the effects of these factors in the overall status of:
5. 11 Drains
5. 12 Roadss
5. 13 Shoreline
5. 14 Health of the occupants
5. Is the regulation effectual?

Hypothesis

Opinions of the respondents do non differ significantly every bit respect to the factors that affects the advancement of the City. The effects of these factors in the overall status of our biome are negligible.

Significance of the Study

This survey was conducted with the purpose to supply information and outlooks to the ground ( s ) why City Ordinance No. 4647 has been implemented. Furthermore it explains the importance of the topic as enumerated below: Residents of Pasay City. Will see a cleansing agent and fresher air. since the prohibition will forbid the constitution of mills fabricating plastics. Drain Systems. Less implosion therapy will be experience in Pasay City. Environment. With the prohibition. the natural ecological balance is maintained. Health. Fewer instances of Dengue are recorded prior to holding a cleansing agent environment.

Future Researchers. This survey may supply new penetrations in inquiry of new cognition that will profit the hereafter research workers. As much. this survey can besides be unfastened for farther development and betterment

Conceptual Model

To understand profoundly why this survey is needed. a conceptual model was made to demo how related the variables are to each other. The survey was focused on the execution of the Ordinance Regulating the Use of Non-compostable Plastic Carry-out bags and Promoting the Use of reclaimable paper Carry-out Bags and Reusable Bags at Malibay. Pasay City. The outline applies to all the selected occupants of Pasay City. following is the independent variable which is the location of the topic. the step ining variable here are the less execution and the full execution in which it can beef up or weaken the dependant and independent variable depending on the consequence. The following variables are the result of the execution of plastic prohibition which is the dependent variable. the following variable is the extent of the Ordinance in which we will cognize if it will turn out positive or negative consequence to the occupants.

Residents
1. Clogged drainages
2. Polluted and contaminated organic structures of H2O ; shorelines. bays. e. I
3. Abrupt and higher rate of dengue-related instances
4. Filthy environment within Pasay City

1. Less instances of clotted drainages
2. Unpolluted and uncontaminated organic structures of H2O ; shorelines. bays. e. I
3. Fewer incidence of dandy fever instances
4. Cleaner environment within Pasay City
Malibay. Pasay City
Execution of Plastic Ban in Pasay City ( City Ordinance No. 4647 ) : An Appraisal

Negative Effectss of the Plastic Ban
Positive Effectss of the Plastic Ban
Full Execution
1. Non-use of plastic bags
2. Actual applications.

Less Execution:
1. Exploitation of other non-recyclable stuffs: Styrofoam. plastic bottles. etc. 2. Incomplete application.

Figure 1. 1

As shown on the old figure ( Figure 1. 1 ) . the research workers would wish to cognize if the occupants who experienced full execution of the edict would be progressive or would be productive in the community/industry and what will go on to those countries who experience less execution. The independent variable here is the occupants. As a consequence. the research workers find out that to obtain the effectivity of the regulation occupants need to hold a complete engagement. cooperation. and consciousness on what is written in the said Ordinance.

Scope and Restrictions of the Study

This research survey is limited on happening the factors that cause the execution of fictile prohibition. An affected country includes barangays within the parametric quantity of Pasay City. The respondents are composed of selected occupants of Pasay City. The beginning of information was based merely in the written study questionnaire answered by the respondents developed for this intent. books and surveies that related to the subject. The survey was conducted from August to October of 2012.

Definition of Footings

To assist the readers understand to the full about the survey. the undermentioned footings are defined conceptually as used herein:

Biodegradable. A stuff capable of disintegrating through the action of life beings. Drain. The manner in which the Waterss of a state base on balls off by its watercourses and rivers. Flood. An overflowing of H2O onto land that is usually dry. Execution. Is the transporting out. executing. or pattern of a program. a method. or any design for making something. Recycling. Is the processing of used stuffs into new merchandises to salvage resources and energy. and the aggregation. storage and transit of those stuffs from the initial user. Reclaimable. Anything that can be used once more. particularly after salving or particular intervention or processing

Chapter 2
Related LITERATURE

Related Legal Footing

The unrelenting and inattentive usage of plastic bags is a worldwide phenomenon. Datas released by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2003 shows that somewhere between 500 billion and a trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide each twelvemonth. These bags end up every bit litter as it makes its manner to landfills. drainages and organic structures of H2O. taking decennaries to break up and damaging marine life when dumped in the sea. Harmonizing to the World Wildlife Fund Report in 2005. about 200 different species of sea life including giants. mahimahis. seals. and turtles dices due to consumption and choking from plastic bags. As proposed by Senator Loren Legarda. Total Plastic Bag Ban Act of 2011 seeks to implement a entire plastic prohibition throughout the state.

The usage of plastic bags in all constitutions is to be prohibited. with matching punishments for its misdemeanor. with the aim of controling pollution and assisting the state pull off its ecological assets more judiciously. The Department of Trade and Industry ( DTI ) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) had besides backed two Senate measures that seek to modulate the usage of fictile food market bags and push for the usage of environment-friendly options. Trade Undersecretary Zenaida Maglaya and Environment executive manager Emelita Aguinaldo lauded Senator Manuel Villar’s Senate Bill 1103 and senator and Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago`s 1543.

Wherein. SB 1103 seeks to advance sound waste direction by necessitating all section shops. promenades. and commercial constitutions to use reclaimable environment-friendly shopping bags and supply them free of charge to clients and frequenters. SB 1543. on the other manus. seeks to modulate the usage of fictile food market bags. Harmonizing to House Bill 4840 besides known as the Plastic Bag Regulation Act of 2011. requires operators of commercial constitutions to supply biodegradable plastic bags to consumers and to set up an in-store recovery plan that will give clients chance to return used plastic bags to constitutions where the plastic bags originated.

Related Surveies

The intent of the release of the prohibition on free plastic bags is to better the consciousness of the populace on environmental protection. extinguish white pollution. and construct up the resources-saving and eco-friendly society bit by bit ( Wang. 2008 ) . Plastic bags ingestion is really high in the USA. “Every twelvemonth. Americans throw off some100 billion plastic bags after they’ve been used to transport a prescription place from the apothecary’s shop or a quart of milk from the food market shop. It’s tantamount to dumping about 12 million barrels of oil ( Cernansky. 2010 ) . ” The ground people use plastic bags because Plastic bags are cheap. sturdy and convenient. so people tend to utilize it. For case. Californians use19 billion plastic bags each twelvemonth. and province spends $ 25 million to bury these bags proper manner ( Lagos. 2010 ) .

When people buy something from a shop the gross revenues representative beads all the points in plastic bags. Peoples use plastic bags non merely to transport their points from food market shops but besides in continuing nutrients. as nothing lock bags. plaything bags. electronic points wrapper. sandwich negligee. rubbish bags etc. The Numberss of plastic bags consumers in the universe are from 500 billion to one trillion each twelvemonth. harmonizing to US environmental protection bureau ( Roach. 2003 ) . People ne’er thought about any options of plastic bag after it was introduced one-fourth century ago. Peoples are non cognizant of the environment pollution due to plastic bags. No cognition about long-run consequence of plastic bags keeps its ingestion rate high ( McKellar. 2010 ) . Plastic bag use can be environmentally really detrimental. The bags take 100s of old ages to degrade and make full up landfill sites. Plastic litter can besides take to clotted drains. which consequence in sanitation. implosion therapy and sewerage jobs.

In add-on. plastic bags can harm animate beings through consumption and the incineration of plastic bags pollutes the air and releases toxic substances. Plastic bags are besides responsible for utilizing up oil. a scarce natural resource ( Gupta. 2011 ) . On the other manus. McKellar ( 2010 ) stated that “plastic bags are non merely harmful to the environment. but besides affect the economic system to a certain extent. Our state has spent a batch of money to dispose plastic bags into landfills and ocean every twelvemonth. In the interim. many marine animate beings are being killed every twelvemonth by consuming plastic bags” . to back up this Gor ( 2011 ) in his survey. about 100. 000 animate beings such as mahimahis. polo-necks. giants. and penguins are killed every twelvemonth due to plastic bags. Many animate beings ingest plastic bags misidentifying them for nutrient and hence dice. And worse the injected plastic bags remain integral and even after the decease. and decomposition of the animate being. Furthermore the worst environmental effects are that they are non-biodegradable.

The decomposition of plastic bags takes around 1000 old ages. Even after treating assorted types of merchandises made up of ethene and cinnamene fibers. they can’t recycle anyhow ( Gor. 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Gupta ( 2011 ) . the intercessions had a maximal impact on the non-working-age population in the intervention stores. The highest proportion of persons acquiring their ain bags was amongst those aged less than 20 and more than 60. This suggests that the younger coevals and senior citizens might be either more environmentally witting or more receptive to messages about the environment. When the impact of businesss was assessed. it was found that people who were non-earners-student. homemakers and the retired – appeared to be most affected by the survey intercessions. This complements the findings associating to age. In the instance of the income class. it was once more the non-earning class that showed so maximal influence from the intercessions and switched most readily to utilizing their ain bags ( Gupta. 2011 ) .

Related Literature

There are different sentiments or fact of full execution of the fictile prohibition in Pasay City. For some. do hold in the prohibiting of plastics would decrease the desolation of several drainages. roads. shorelines. etc. But others would state that there won’t be any differences when it comes to how the people would follow with such prohibition. “A entire prohibition on plastic bags won’t solve the job. It will besides kill an industry behind 600. 000 jobs” ( Lamentillo. 2012 ) . Lack of clear guideline on the prohibition on the usage of plastic bags is making a batch of confusion among consumers and little sellers. Solid Waste Management Association of the Philippines ( SWAPP ) revealed.

Worse. even local hatchet mans who are supposed to supervise and implement the rigorous execution of the prohibition on plastic bags are even more baffled because of their different readings of the regulation. In enforcing the prohibition. some LGU’s recommended the usage of more environment-friendly alternate packaging stuffs such as reclaimable bags made of textile stuffs. or paper. Consumers. for case. kick that market sellers use newspaper to wrap dried fish. which is non hygienic as the packaging sticks to the dried tinapa. In one metropolis covered by the survey. a barangay functionary penalized all shops utilizing plastic bags. including those selling wet goods like nutrient and fruits ( Mayuga. 2012 ) .

Under RA 9003. the local authorities is responsible for roll uping non-recyclable stuffs and particular wastes. while barangay units are given the undertaking and duty of roll uping and segregating the biodegradable. compostable. and reclaimable wastes. Of Metro Manila’s 17 metropoliss and municipalities. 11 contracts out refuse aggregation is to the private sector and 6 cod refuse themselves as portion of their local authorities maps ( “The Garbage Book. ” 2004 ) . As mentioned. a jurisprudence abides the proper waste direction and disposal of any peculiar metropoliss waste.

Justification of the survey

Mentioning from the “The Garbage Book by the Asian development bank” . it mentioned that the estimated sum solid waste generated in Metro Manila daily is 6. 700 dozenss based on the 2003 population. This is tantamount to about 2. 061 shit trucks. Most likely this explains why several metropoliss had implemented such Torahs regulating the usage of plastic. Persons must do witting attempts to alter our day-to-day modus operandi and patterns to bring forth a positive impact on our environment. Companies must alter their economic mentality. uneconomical production procedures and boxing methods – from the usage of apparently cost-efficient plastic bags into puting in long-run reclaimable and reclaimable bags which are more sustainable in the long tally.

Besides it has been stated that the deficiency of clear guideline on the prohibition on the usage of plastic bags is making a batch of confusion among consumers and little sellers. so as to talk the is seasonably for the authorities to mandate and set into order the jurisprudence against non-recyclable and reclaimable plastic ( s ) . In add-on. the harm caused by storms Ondoy and Peping every bit good as the lay waste toing Habagat highlighted the demand for a more comprehensive solution to turn to Metro Manila`s solid waste direction.

Chapter 3
Methodology

This chapter presents the research design. research venue. sample and trying techniques. the topics. research instrument. proof of instrument. informations assemblage processs. and informations processing.

Research Design

The research workers applied the descriptive-status research design because the survey focuses the solution of job sing the execution of fictile prohibition in Pasay City. The chief end is to seek existent facts and replying inquiries about what is being studied.

Research Locale

The research venue was conducted within the locality of Pasay City where the respondents abides the fictile prohibition. They were besides to discourse the extent in the consciousness of the survey on the selected occupants in Pasay City.

The Subjects

The topic of the survey was composed of selected occupants of Pasay City. The research workers used the profile of the respondents including the business. civil position and old ages of residence in obtaining valid informations.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample size is consists of 50 selected abode in Pasay City. The dislocation of the samples are as follows: 15 adolescents. 20 grownups. 15 seniors who had experienced the fictile prohibition in Pasay City. The research workers used purposive sampling wherein the choice of the respondents has chosen harmonizing to the intent of the survey. This part obtained the samples that will function as the representatives of the population. Sampling is concerned with the choice of a subset of persons from within a population to gauge features of the whole population. The intent of trying is to cut down the cost and the sum of work that it would convey a study the full mark population. A respondent refers to the group of response related to the issue.

Research Instrument

The research workers used written study questionnaires constructed and developed by the research workers for the intent of the survey. Each point in the questionnaire. except portion 1. is rated harmonizing to five degrees. The contents of the different parts of the questionnaire were the followers: Part 1 of the questionnaires seeks the profile of the selected occupants as through the old ages of residence. business. civil position and their Membership/Affiliation to community/Societal Organization.

Part 2 seeks to find the extent of the consciousness in the City Ordinance undergone by the respondents. Evaluations are the undermentioned: 5-very much informed. 4-very informed. 3-informed. 2-uninformed. and 1-very uninformed. Separate 3 seeks to find the extent of implementing the City Ordinance. Evaluations are the undermentioned: 5-very much implemented. 4-very enforced. 3-implement. 2-not enforced. and 1-uncertain. Separate 4 seeks to find the effects of these factors in the overall status in Pasay City: 5-very much affected and devastated. 4-very affected and devasted. 3-affected and devastated. 2-not affected and devastated. and 1-uncertain.

Validation of Instrument

The instrument used by the research workers is legalized by the advisor of the survey. Mr. Victor M. Cajala. The advisor is positioned as the talk professor of the research workers in the capable English 213. The procedure of every portion of the questionnaire presented the confidence that the research workers had conformed to the demands of the questionnaire. Furthermore. the contents of the questionnaire were consulted to the advisor to vouch that the factors impacting the internal and proficient facets of the same had gone through under the adviser’s recommendations for corrections and mandate. After the last proof. the advisor affixed his signature in the last transcript of the questionnaire bespeaking his conformance and blessing.

Data Gathering Procedure

This portion involves the questionnaire as the method of garnering the indispensable information from the topics of the survey. The research workers used structured/closed- ended questionnaire where it provides relevant possible replies from which the respondent is asked to choose the most appropriate replies. The research workers requested the list of names of the respondents from the selected abode of which it became the footing of outsourcing the respondents. After few yearss of following the whereabouts of the respondents. the research workers conducted the study from October 8-13 2012. From the information gathered. the research workers tabulated. analyzed. and interpreted the informations.

Datas Processing

The information process method is presented harmonizing to statistical tools in the survey. The statistical expressions are as follow: Frequency. This is the fact or status of happening often. This is done by measuring of import features of a big mass of informations by grouping the information into different categories ( variable ) and so finding the figure of observations that fall in each of the categories ( variable ) . Such an agreement is called “frequency distribution. ”

Percentage. This is acquiring a portion of a whole express in hundredths. The per centum of each category ( variable ) can be obtained by spliting the category frequence by the entire frequence multiplied by 100. Such divider is called “percentage distribution. ”