Handmade Soap Lab Essay, Research Paper

HANDMADE SOAP LAB

Purpose: To do a basic soap and a soap with other than basic ingredients utilizing Lye, Olive Oil and Oatmeal and to larn about the history of soap and how the procedure of saponification plants.

Procedure:

A. Basic Olive oil soap

Materials

a. 1- 2 litre beaker

B. 1- 100 milliliter beaker

c. 2 thermometers

d. 1 container with lid

e. 1 balance

f. 1 graduated cylinder

g. 2 spoons

h. 1 chromium steel steel bowl

I. 1 warming home base

1. Put on safety goggles

2. Person A: Fill a container to chill the NaOH solution with cold H2O and do certain person comes in before and after school for the following 4 or 5 yearss

3. Person B: Clean working country, cover immediate work country with newspaper, acquire fictile container that will keep soap and grade with tape on base of container.

4. Person C: put on latex baseball mitts

a. Weigh 100g ( 3.5 oz. ) of NaOH and put it in the 2 litre beaker.

B. Measure 283.5 milliliter ( 10 oz. ) of cold H2O.

c. Slowly add H2O to NaOH and splash with a spoon to fade out NaOH. Place thermometer in the solution and topographic point the beaker in the chilling container.

d. Stir NaOH and cool to 38 grades Celcius and maintain this temperature changeless until individual D is at 38 grades with the oil mixture. Use heating home base or chilling container as necessary.

e. Slowly attention deficit disorder NaOH to the oil mixture while stirring invariably.

f. Stir for 15 proceedingss.

g. Pour into soap container and put palpebras on.

5.Person D

a. Measure 643 milliliter ( 13 oz. ) of Olive oil and 175 milliliter of Blended oil. Add both to the chromium steel steel blending bowl and set a thermometer in it. B. Heat oil to 38 grades Celcius.

c. Once at 38 grades, talk to individual C and maintain temperature changeless 6. After a few yearss take lid and air prohibitionists

When soap has dried put it on paper, cut into 8 pieces and dry for a few more yearss.

B. Oatmeal soap

Materials

a. 1 muffin container and a piece of tape

b. warming home base

c. balance

d. burgoo

e. grater

f. graduated cylinder

1. Person A: Get a gem container and label it.

2. Person B: Weigh out 100g of burgoo. Grind oats in liquidizer until 1/5 original size. When oil and H2O mixture has become clear, add and blend in burgoo.

3. Person C: Grate 340 g ( 12 oz. ) of the soap into the metal bowl.

4. Person D: Get a warming home base, step and add 225 milliliters ( 9 oz. ) of H2O to grated soap. Heat on low and stir until soap has dissolved to clear, take ot off the heat and add Person B & # 8217 ; s burgoo.

5. Person A: Pour the mixture into a muffin container. Place container in deep-freeze. After drying for a few yearss, pop out and allow dry.

Consequences:

A. Olive oil Soap

The Olive oil soap turned out rather good. The lone thing that was unexpected was the awkward, and rough form of the soap. But this is because of the container it was made in. Other than this, the Olive oil soap moisturizes much better and is much gentler than commercial trade names.

B. Oatmeal Soap

Merely as the Olive oil soap turned out great, the Oatmeal soap turned out even better. The lone drawback is that the burgoo flakes weren & # 8217 ; t anchor up plenty. This is non really attractive but it doesn & # 8217 ; t truly make anything to the soap & # 8217 ; s public presentation.

Decision:

A. Olive oil Soap

This was a farely error free process. One of the jobs was acquiring the oil and the NaOH to fit up precisely grades Celcius. This could be avoided in the hereafter by utilizing indistinguishable hot home bases and heating each liquid easy paying really close attending to it. One child job was that the top of the soap was uneven after stirring it and it dryed that manner. This could be fixed merely by smoothing it out after stirring. Another job that occurred was the white, difficult crust that formed. The white crust could perchance be avoided by blending more frequently and blending right up until the soap hardens.

B. Oatmeal Soap

The lone job that we encountered with the burgoo soap was that the flakes were excessively large. To avoid this in the hereafter it would be good to hold a more sophisticated bomber and crunch the flakes for a longer continuance of clip.

Mentions:

1. Hiscox, Gardner D. Henley & # 8217 ; s twentieth Century Book of 10,000 Formulas, Processes and Trade Secrets. N

orman W. Henley Publishing Company: New York, 1937

2. Bakule, Paula Dreifus. Rodale & # 8217 ; s Book of Practical Formulas.

Rodale Imperativeness: Pennsylvania, 1991. 3. www.soapsuppliesplus.com/info/MeltPourTips.html

4. www.soapman.com

5. Grandma and Grandpa Johnson

Questions:

1.

2. One of the major differences between commercial soaps and the soap made in the lab is the ingredients. Commercial soaps are made of fats alternatively of oil. Most of the fat comes from beef and porc. This cleans your tegument, but it doesn & # 8217 ; t add anything. Therefore, the fats tend to go forth skin prohibitionist and tight. The oil soaps humidify every bit good as clean the tegument. The ground for this is that oil is really expensive. The commercial soaps have a wholly different chemical construction due to the different chemicals added.

The commercial trade name is softer, and greasier. The oil soap is harder, and smoother. The commercial trade name leaves skin feeling prohibitionist, tight and really clean. The Olive oil soap and Oatmeal soap do non merely clean, but they seem to humidify every bit good. Commercial soaps besides produce lather where the soaps we made do non. This, nevertheless, has no consequence on the public presentation of the soap.

3. A soap-like stuff found in ancient Babylon is grounds that soapmaking was known every bit early as 2800 BC The Egyptians, Greeks, Israelites, Nipponese Germans, and Romans all are known to hold bathed at some clip. The deficiency of personal cleanliness and related insanitary life conditions contributed to a great extent to the great pestilences of the Middle Ages, and particularly to the Black Death of the fourteenth century. It wasn & # 8217 ; t until the seventeenth century that cleanliness and bathing was practiced in much of Europe. Well into the nineteenth century, soap was to a great extent taxed as a luxury point in several states. When the high revenue enhancement was removed, soap became available to ordinary people, and cleanliness improved. The scientific finds of Cheveul and Solvay, together with the development of power to run mills, made soapmaking one of America & # 8217 ; s fastest-growing industries by 1850. At the same clip, its wide handiness changed soap from a luxury point to an every twenty-four hours necessity.

4. During WWII my friend Andrew & # 8217 ; s grandparents lived on farms in Southern Nebraska. They said that noone truly had any soap because it wasn & # 8217 ; t available to purchase. Oil to do it was really expensive and rare and would be used for other things if they had it.

5A. Olive oil soap is $ .84/bar and we made 8 bars.

B. Oatmeal soap is $ .63/bar of oatmeal soap and we made 6 bars

6. 99g/36 per mol = 2.75 mol/.283 L.

7. They are doing a net income of $ 5.37 10 $ 9.37 which is a percent mark-up of 852 % to 1487 %

8. Soaps made of Na are difficult soaps and soaps made of K are sort soaps. You can besides add things like beeswax to do a soap hard.

9. Soaps are chiefly made of fats or oils. They are made utilizing triglycerides and an base or base. The two so combine and bring forth impersonal soap. Detergents are cleaning merchandises made from a assortment of natural stuffs.

10. see affiliated sheet.

11. An emulsion is colloidal sized droplets ( about 100 nanometers broad ) of one liquid suspended in another liquid. In oil and H2O the oil International Relations and Security Network & # 8217 ; t genuinely dissolved because because the molecules are still integral. The oil is merely broken apart into the really little molecules which float around in the solution. Emulsions are chiefly used to interrupt down oils, fats, and lubricating oils.

12. Soap is an emulsifying reagent. When fat is introduced to lather, the polar portion of the fatty acid dissolves in the non polar portion in the soap.

13. Boiling point alteration = .51 C/m x 2.475 mol NaOH x 2 ions = .51

oC/m x 8.84 ten 2 ions = 109.37 C

Freezing point alteration = -1.86 C/m x 8.84m ten 2 ions = -32.88

14A. Based on the tendencies in the tabular array, at room temperature, Menhaden oil and Tung oil would be in a liquid province because they both have more unsaturated oil so saturated oil in them.

B. The per centum distributions of fatty acids for butter would be something like this: 90 % saturated 5 % mono-unsaturated 5 % poly-unsaturated. This is an approximative estimation, but no affair what the exact distribution value & # 8217 ; s are, their would ever be a really high ratio of saturated oils, and a really low ratio of unsaturated oils.

15. Percent distributions of saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated oils in our soap, based on the sums used in the lab:

saturated: ( 12 + 9 ) / 2 = 10.5 % saturated

mono-unsaturated: ( 29 + 85 ) / 2 = 57 % mono-unsaturated

poly-unsaturated: ( 59 + 6 ) / 2 = 32.5 % poly-unsaturated