The Harvard system is a popular referencing system for academic plants and is Ah ( frequently referred to as the ‘author/date’ system. which distinguishes it from the Vancouver or ‘numerical’ system. To be more specific. it is a system: *…in which names and day of the months are given in the organic structure of the text and the mentions alphabetically at the terminal of the paper’ ( Royal Society. 1965 ) .

Mention: British Standards Institution ( 1990 ) Recommendations for Citing and Referencing Published Materials. BS 5605: 1990. London: British Standards Institution.

Why is it of import to cite in an sanctioned mode?
Referencing is a manner of giving acceptance to the topic being studied. It enables the writer to honor certain duties that the procedure of pass oning scholarly cognition topographic points upon him/her. In add-on to the professional courtesy of admiting beginnings used. citing allows the work to be checked and verified and prevents criticisms sing plagiarism. Intellectual belongings rights. as defined in the signifier of copyright Torahs. are besides honoured.

What is a mention?
A statement in a text should be linked to the bibliographical inside informations of the papers that supports that statement. This is done via the usage of a commendation when citing or touching to a work that the writer has consulted. Citation A commendation consists of the authorVs* family name ( s ) and twelvemonth of publication of the papers. referred to in parentheses. If citing straight or mentioning to a specific piece of information within a papers. the page figure should besides be given — after the twelvemonth of publication and within the parentheses. All commendations given in the essay. thesis. article. etc. are listed alphabetically by family name in a mention list at the terminal of the work. Full bibliographical inside informations are added to each commendation. the consequence being a complete mention for each work that the writer has consulted and to which he/she has referred. It is of import to observe that the mention list consists merely of those plants specifically referred to in the text. We shall take a mention to include: Citation: A set of informations depicting a papers or portion of a papers. sufficiently precise and elaborate to place it and to enable it to be relocated. Citation: ( British Standards Institution. 1990. p. 3 ) . Vnl 4. Nn 10

How?
The first measure is to obtain right bibliographical inside informations. Do non depend on the screen of a papers. unless no other information can be found. Consult the rubric page and the dorsum of the rubric page for the inside informations set out below. These guidelines are based mostly on BS 1629:1989 ( British Standards Institution ( BSI ) . 1989 ) ; information taken from any other criterion is noted. Bibliographical inside informations Writer: The name ( s ) of the individual ( s ) responsible for the papers. i. e. a individual writer. multiple writers or corporate writer. The corporate writer. such as the editor of a aggregation of plants. or the publication organic structure where no identifiable writer exists. can be used. Date: Normally the twelvemonth is sufficient. but for some points. e. g. a newspaper or patent papers. the month and twenty-four hours can be supplied. If there is no day of the month. but one can be ascertained. it should be supplied.

A usher to the Harvard referencing system The Harvard system s mention list consists merely of those plants cited within the organic structure of the text. Detailss of extra reading should non be assorted with cited plants. Mentions should be set out in a list in the alphabetical order of the author’s/s’ sumame ( s ) and thenceforth by initials^ and so chronologically by day of the month of publication. exact day of the month is non known. an approximative day of the month followed by a inquiry grade can be given. e. g. ( sixteenth century? ) . Where no day of the month is given or can be found. ( No day of the month ) or the. lbbrcviation ( ND ) should be stated. Title: Always use the rubric on the rubric piige. Give the full rubric. although the inclusion of the caption is optional. Journal rubrics should be given in full. with abbreviations used merely in conformity with BS 4148 ( BSI. 1985 ) . If mentioning to a whole diary — non merely an article within it — give the diary name and its International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN ) . e. g. Journal of Ecology. ISSN 0022-0477.

Mention: Dickinson EJ ( 1991 ) Quality infirmaries: the function of medical audit. Geriatric Medicine 21: 27-8. 31-2. Citations in the text # Use merely the author*s/s’ family name ( s ) and twelvemonth of publication. with the add-on of page figure ( s ) if required. e. g. ( Swann. 1981. p. 10 ) . # Where sense demands. the name of the writer ( s ) can be incorporated into the text. e. g. Strauss and Ziegler ( 1975 ) outline the chief ends of the Delphi technique. with Turoff ( 1970 ) placing four secondary ends. # If two or more plants by the same writer ( s ) have the same publication day of the month. they should be distinguished by adding lower instance letters after the day of the month. e. g. ( Tschudin. 1992b ) . Finalised mention list

Edition: It is of import to province 2nd or farther editions. In a mention to a reissue. the day of the month of the reissue can be given after the day of the month of that peculiar edition. e. g. ( 1796. reprinted 1810 ) . The reissue day of the month is frequently ignored. Numeration: Where the papers has more than one volume. this must be stated. e. g. Vol. II. or for a diary: Vol. 6 ( 3 ) pp25-26. 28. 30-33. Publisher: Give the place/town of publication. followed by the publisher’s name. Journal articles and books are treated somewhat otherwise. The elements of a book and journal article mention. as outlined in BS 5605:1990 ( BSI. 1990 ) are given below. Book inside informations # Author’s/s’ family name ( s ) plus initials 0 Year of publication # Title. underlined or in citation Markss # Material appellation. if necessary. e. g. map. illustration # Edition # Volume figure. if the book has more than one volume # Place of publication # Publisher’s name # Location component ( for unpublished plants ) . Example: Citation: ( Llewellan-Jones. 1986 ) . Mention: Llewellan-Jones. D ( 1986 ) Fundamentalss of Obstetricss and Gynaecology. 4th edn. Suffolk: Richard Clay ( The Chaucer Press ) Ltd. Article inside informations # Author’s/s’ family name ( s ) plus initials # Year of publication # Title of article # Title of diary. underlined # Volume number/part number/date of # Pagination Example: Citation: ( Dickinson. 1991 ) . issue

The Harvard system’s mention list consists merely of those plants cited within the organic structure of the text. Detailss of extra reading should non be assorted with cited plants. Mentions should be set out in a list in the alphabetical order of the author’s/s’ family name ( s ) and thenceforth by initials. and so chronologically by day of the month of publication. Ensure that full bibliographical inside informations are given for each point listed and that letters used to separate plants by the same writer ( s ) with the same publication day of the month are included. Examples: British Standards Institution ( 1990 ) Recommendations For Citing and Referencing Published Material ( BS 5605:1990 ) . 2nd edn. London: British Standards Institution. Burnard P. Morrison P ( 1990 ) Nursing Research in Action: Developing Basic Skills. London: Macmillan. Stocking B ( 1988 ) Introducing invention — get the better ofing opposition to alter. In: A Bowling. erectile dysfunction. The Nurse in Family Practice. London: Scutari Imperativeness: 57-65 Tschudin V ( 1992a ) Ethical motives in Nursing. 2nd edn. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. Tschudin V ( 1992b ) Valuess: A Primer for Nurses. London: Bailliere Tindall.

Possible troubles
Joint writers A work by two or more writers should be referred to by up to two names and thenceforth with the usage of the first-named writer followed by ‘et al’ . intending ‘and others* . Example: A commendation would read as follows:
( Brown and Smith. 1989 ) or! „ . . -„„ ! „f

A usher to the Harvard referencing system
( Atkinson et al. 1990 ) . ‘Et al’ may be used in the mention list. but for thoroughness. all writers can be listed. Collection of plants by assorted writers A work consisting of parts by different writers is referenced under the editor’s name. The word editor goes before the twelvemonth of publication. Example: Mention: Bowling A. erectile dysfunction. 1988 Nurse in Family Practice. London: Scutari Press. Citation: ( Bowling. 1988 ) . Citations from an article published as portion of a aggregation should be referenced under the writer of the peculiar article or chapter. followed by the twelvemonth and rubric of the article/chapter. The word ‘in’ should instantly follow these inside informations. followed by the full bibliographical inside informations of the book itself. with the add-on of page Numberss of the peculiar article. Example: Mention: Stocking A ( 1988 ) Introducing invention — get the better ofing opposition to alter.

In: Bowling A. erectile dysfunction. Nurse in Family Practice. London: Scutari Imperativeness: 57-65. Citation: ( Stocking. 1988 ) . Corporate writing Reports that are non the duty of an person ( s ) should be listed under the name of the organic structure responsible for publication. Example: Citation: ( Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. 1966 ) . Reports should non be listed under the name of the president. although the chairperson’s name may be included in square brackets after the rubric. Example: ‘The Salmon Report’ . Mention: Ministry of Health. Scottish Home and Health Department ( 1966 ) Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Staff Structure [ Chairperson: B. Salmon ] or [ Salmon Report ] . London: HMSO. Citation: ( Ministry of Health. Scottish Home and Health Department. 1966 ) . Pseudonyms Use the anonym. Put the existent name in square brackets after if this is desired ( BSI. 1989 ) .

Anonymous plants For cited paperss with no conceiver ‘anon’ should be used ( BSI. 1990 ) . Unpublished plants Unpublished plants frequently present jobs. Tr } ’ to obtain as many bibliographical inside informations as possible. paying peculiar attending to location information of an point and to obtaining written permission to utilize documents and letters. Documents printed in published proceedings of meetings or conferences are referenced as chapters/articles in a book ( See ‘Collection of plants by assorted authors’ above ) . Below are the elements of a mention for an unpublished work. as outlined in BS 6371:1983 ( BSI. 1983 ) : 1. First term of the descriptive component 2. Date 3. Remainder of descriptive component 4. Location component. First term of the descriptive component:

This should detail the conceiver of the work and can be a name. a person’s rubric or office. or the administration by or for which the papers was originated. Example: Pym. J ; Traquair. Earl of ; Treasury. Secretary to. East India Company. Date: If no day of the month ( No day of the month ) or ( ND ) should be used. Remainder of the descriptive component: Title: Use the official rubric given either on the papers. or the rubric given by the depository or the popular rubric. If no rubric is available. a supplied rubric can be given. This should at least contain the name. topographic point or topic of the papers and/or an indicant of the type of papers. such as a journal. will or missive. Example: Letter to Marquess of Hamilton. Lease of land in Hog Lane. Holborn. Matertal appellation: microfilm. headstone. photocopy. Location component: this should incorporate the information required to obtain entree to the papers. i. e. the topographic point. the depository and the

KEY Points
A mention is a set of informations depicting a papers or portion thereof that enabies it to be identified and located. A referencing system enables statements in a text to be linked to the bibiiographical inside informations of the paperss that support those statements. The Harvard. or author/date system Is a system ‘in which names and day of the months are given in the organic structure of the text and the mentions are given alphabetically at the terminal of the paper’ ( Royal Society. 1965 ) . A mention iist contains oniy those plants referred to specifically in the text. Referencing aiiows stuff consulted to be acknowiedged and/or verified.

A usher to the Harvard referencing system
call figure. The topographic point will be the name of the metropolis. town. small town. etc. nnd where the papers is kept ; the depository is the name of the person or establishment owning. or with detention of. the cited papers. Full name and postal reference should be given. The call figure entails a codification figure. or if none is assigned by the keeper. a description to assistance location within the depository. A papers may. of class. incorporate full bibliographical inside informations. In this instance. if consent to utilize has been given. mention as a published work. but include the name of a library or other depository known to keep a transcript as the location component. Examples: East India Company. writers’ requests. request of Alexander Dalrymple 1 November 1752: London ; India Office Library and Records. J/I/1. Fol. 341-342. Jones R ( 1976 ) Ecological Study of the Glens. PhD Diss. Belfast: University of Antrim: Deptanment of Geology. Second-hand references This job country is non addressed in any of the British Standards associating to citing. By and large. the regulation followed is that. wherever possible. quotation mark from original beginnings. However. if this is non possible. utilize the undermentioned standards as found in Burnard and Morrison ( 1990 ) and the Royal Society ( 1965 ) . When mentioning in the text. utilize the term ‘cited by* followed by the mention for the work m which it is quoted. Citation illustration: ( Schweer. cited by Harrison. 1992. p. 774 ) . In the mention list. the entry will be made for the Harrison publication. Reference illustration: Harrison T ( 1992 ) Creativity in nurse instruction. British Journal of Nursing 6 ( 15 ) : 774-777.

Decision
Other methods of mentioning publications by bibliographical mentions are available. The Vancouver. or ‘numerical’ system. is another really well-known method. Many editors require a author to follow their ain peculiar in-house method. Whatever system is chosen. it is of import to utilize it in a consistent mode. Writers shiping on research or composing for publication should enter mentions in full at the clip of audience. This will forestall holding to turn back at a ulterior day of the month when the mention list is being compiled.

British Standards Institution ( 1983 ) British Standard Institution. London British Standards Institution ( 1985 ) Abbreviation of Recommendations for Citation of Unpublished Documents. BS 6371:1983. British Standards Title Words and Titles of Publications. BS

4148:1985. British Standards Institution. London British Standards Institution ( 1989 ) British Standard

Recommendations for Mentions to Published Materials. BS 1629:1989. British Standards Institution. London British Standards Institution ( 1990 ) Recommendations for Citing and Referencing Published Materials. BS 5605:1990. 2nd edn. British Standards Institution. London Burnard P. Morrison P ( 1990 ) Nursing Research in Action: Developing Baste Skills. Macmillan. London Royal Society ( 1965 ) General Notes on the Preparation of Scientific Papers. 2nd edn. Royal Society. London

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