The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu intending cantonment or ground forces. The Urdu languagedeveloped between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals ground forcess who belonged to assorted ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in different idioms, which easy and bit by bit evolved into present twenty-four hours Urdu. It is for this ground that Urdu is besides referred to as Lashkari Zaban or linguistic communication of the ground forces. During its development Urdu linguistic communication besides assumed assorted names like the term Urdu-e-Maullah intending the exalted ground forces which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the term Rekhta significance scattered ( with Persian words ) which was coined by the bookmans for Urdu poesy.
History and Development of Urdu Language
Development and development of any linguistic communication is dependent on the development and development of a society where that linguistic communication is spoken. Assorted invasions and conquerings on a topographic point affect the development of its linguistic communication. Urdu is no exclusion as it besides underwent assorted phases of development. Urdu belongs to the Indo-european household of linguistic communications. Urdu by beginning is considered to be a descendant of Saur Senic Prakrit. The term Prakrriti means root or footing. It is a ulterior version of Sanskrit. As Prakrit linguistic communication began to develop, it was influenced by Western Hindi idioms of Khari Boli, Brij Bhasa and Haryanvi. With the coming of Insha’s Darya-e-Latafat* , a demand was felt to distinguish Urdu with other linguistic communications particularly Hindi. It became a Hindi-Urdu contention and as a consequence Khari Boli and Devanagari became the individuality of Indians while Urdu and Persian of Muslims. In this context, Persian and Arabic words replaced with Sanskrit served the intent of distinguishing Hindi from Urdu. Urdu emerged as a distinguishable linguistic communication after 1193 AD – the clip of the Muslims conquering.
When the Muslims conquered this portion of the continent, they made Persian the functionary and cultural linguistic communication of India. As a consequence of the merger of local idioms and the linguistic communication of the encroachers – which was either Iranian, Arabic and Turkish, a new linguistic communication evolved which subsequently became Urdu. During the Mughals reign, Urdu was spoken in castles and tribunal and till the terminal of the Mughal regulation ; Urdu was the official linguistic communication of most of Mughal provinces. This was the clip when Urdu had become Persianized and enriched with Iranian words, phrases and even book and grammar. With the coming of the British, new English words besides became portion of the Urdu linguistic communication. Many English words were accepted in their existent signifier while others were accepted after some alterations.
Presently, Urdu vocabulary contains about 70 % of Iranian words and the remainder are a mixture of Arabic and Turkish words. However, there are besides hints of the Gallic, Lusitanian and Dutch linguistic communication in Urdu. But these influences are small. Urdu was taken to other parts of the state by soldiers, saints and Sufi and by the common people. As a consequence of the political, societal and cultural contacts amongst the people of different address and idioms, a assorted signifier of linguistic communication formed called ‘Rekhta’ ( Urdu and Persian in assorted signifier ) . Soon people started to utilize the new linguistic communication in their address and in literature which resulted in the enrichment of Urdu linguistic communication and literature.
Urdu Literature
The beginning of Urdu literature dates back to the thirteenth century in India during the Mughal regulation. One of the most high earliest poets who made use of Urdu in his poesy is Amir Khusro who can be called the male parent of Urdu linguistic communication. In literature, Urdu was normally used along side Persian. Mughal male monarchs were the great frequenters of art and literature and it was under their regulation that Urdu linguistic communication reached its zenith. There used to be a tradition of ‘Sheri Mehfils’ ( poetic assemblages ) in the kings’ tribunals. Abul Fazal Faizi and Abdul Rahim Khankhana were the celebrated Urdu poets of Mughal tribunal. Likewise, Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, Hakim Momin, Ibrahim Zauq, Mir Taqi Mir, Sauda, Ibn-e-Insha and Faiz Ahmed Faiz have contributed to the development of Urdu linguistic communication through their literary plants. It is so true that Hindi and Urdu are descendants of the same linguistic communication i.e.
Prakrit, but where the Hindi took influence from Sanskrit and adopted Devanagri book of authorship, Urdu absorbed words from Persian, Turkish and Arabic linguistic communications and adopted Persian-Arabic book and Nastaliq calligraphic manner of authorship and emerged as a separate linguistic communication. But beside common lineage, the two linguistic communications are every bit different as can be. There are pronounced grammatical, phonological and lexical differences in both linguistic communications. Urdu was besides used as a tool by the Muslims for freedom battle and for making consciousness among Muslim communities in South Asia to unify under the streamer of Independence from British Raj.
For this, services of Maulana Hali, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal are noteworthy, who through their poesy and prose provoked the necessary flicker in the lives of the Muslims. Urdu was chosen to go the national linguistic communication of Pakistan at the clip of Independence from British. Urdu is now the national linguistic communication of Pakistan, spoken and understood exhaustively by bulk of the population
Urdu Poetry and Its Impact
Anything written in any linguistic communication has its ain effects on its readers. And it influences their emotions and feelings. Urdu is the most progressive linguistic communication and it has dramatic effects on the societal, civilization and literature of the coevalss. The most of import function ofUrdu linguistic communication is that it integrated the communities in the oriental societies. The defeaters and vanquishers of the states India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other states has accepted the societal, cultural effects of their linguistic communication. These vanquishers were spoken Arabic and Persian. And these parts were talking many different linguistic communications.
To interact with each other they needed one common linguistic communication. .this interaction developed a common communicative linguistic communication called Urdu Basic beginning to distribute Urdu linguistic communication is poesy. Poetry played a really of import function for constitution of the linguistic communication As T.S. Eliot says, “Poetry should assist, non merely to polish the linguistic communication of the clip, but to forestall it from altering excessively rapidly.” Sixteenth to till 19th century has the Masterss of Urdu poesy.it is the aureate clip period for theUrdu poets.
The poets of these yearss are following the expansive Masterss.
The noticeable effects of poesy are in the “Gazal” it besides has romantic effects. Peoples of different linguistic communications like to listen and read “Gazal” . Our history has the Masterss of the “Gazal” . The most popular names of the Gazal maestro are Mirza Galib, Mir Taqui Mir, Etc. nazam ( verse form ) is besides a signifier of poesy. Nazam ( verse form ) depicts a uninterrupted individual subject ad largely associated with doctrine.
Nazam has fantastic societal and political effects
Nazam has changed the societal and political construction of states. The most popular nazam authors are Allama Muhammad Iqbal and josh. Both nazam and Gazal played a enormous function to transform the ideas of persons and groups likewise. In the history of Urdu literature Josh Mallihabadi was the expansive poet who’s part is singular in the Urdu literature. Other signifiers of Urdu poesy are besides contributed but for the short clip period. The mixture of Arabic and Persian gave the profusion to Urdu but with the construct of modernisation and popularity of west civilization in the East Urdu linguistic communication in falsifying
