Abstraction

This experiment investigated that how people’s designation of colourss was interfered by incongruent colour words and objects. There were 144 participants between the ages of 18 and 50 who are literate in English and non color-blind. each been shown some paper sheets with different colour words or objects written on it. They had to call the colourss one by one every bit fast as possible and the clip taken for it had been recorded. The consequences showed that participants took longer clip to place the colourss of incongruent colour words and objects than merely colour forms. It was concluded that people do interfered by incongruent colour words or objects to place the colourss therefore showing the Stroop Effect.

Make you see what you’ve seen? Sing things around us including words and assortment of colourss are the common undertaking we have to make everyday. Most of the words we read on documents are showed in black colour. But what if the words are written on different colourss. particularly those words are colour words? Do we comprehend the colour of the words. or the colour word itself chiefly? And do we interfered by incongruent colour words while place the colour of the words? This survey tried to reply these inquiries whether people are influenced by those different colourss and words when calling the colourss.

The original Stroop Experiment was conducted by utilizing the nature of stimulation which was the unit of ammunition colour shapes versus incongruent colour words for participants to call the colourss ( Stroop. 1935 ; cited in Cheong. 2004. March ) . The velocity of calling ink colourss for every participant was collected to cipher the agencies and consequences shown that topics are slower in calling the incongruent colour words. Stroop had concluded that the intervention of the incongruent colour words slow down the procedure of calling ink colour and hence with the theory of the Stroop Effect.

The survey of Andrade. Henderson & A ; Kamiar in 1996 investigated that the congruency and spelling of the colour words do demonstrated by the Stroop Effect in order to mensurate the response clip and truth of the participants to place the colour. They were utilizing four lists of words that were divided to two classs that is congruency of words ( congruent and incongruent colour words ) and spelling of words ( right spelled and misspelled colour words i. e. wred alternatively of ruddy ) . The velocity of calling the colour and the truth of such action was been observed. The consequences were demoing that merely truth was affected by the misspelled status but non response clip while congruency had shown intervention of controlled procedure by automatic procedure.

The original experiment of Stroop Effect had replicated by Hoover. Kuck. Manalo. & A ; Mattingly ( 1996 ) . They wanted to reply whether Stroop Effect would happen on the emotionalism words or color-related words. They had prepared four types of words which were emotional and color-related words ( e. g. choler ) . non-emotional and color-related words ( e. g. cherry ) . emotional and non-color-related words ( e. g. Nice ) . and non-emotional and non-color-related words ( e. g. desk ) . Each type of words was shown in two classs as congruent and incongruent colour while the non-color-related words’ colourss were chosen randomly. The clip of replying the undertaking had been taken and the consequences indicated that color-relatedness words had an consequence on response clip but emotionalism words did non. They concluded that colour relatedness of words caused intervention as the Stroop Effect but emotionalism words did non demo important intervention.

MacLeod & A ; Dunbar ( 1998 ; cited in Cheong. 2004. March ) had replicated the findings of Stroop in the experiment utilizing the same method and they got the same consequences as Stroop’s. They explained this phenomenon as the Stroop Effect is when the automatic procedure in reading colour words had disrupted the controlled procedure that calling the ink colourss. The two contradictory groups on information had created traffic jam in the information tract therefore demoing the Stroop Effect.

The more recent experiment of Arieh & A ; Algom ( 2002 ; cited in Cheong. 2004. March ) tried to happen out whether the Stroop Effect would happen with a picture-word-naming undertaking. They drew lineations of objects and placed words of the same class as the objects within the outlines’ boundary lines ( e. g. . an lineation of a lemon with the word “banana” written in it ) . The consequences showed that the Stroop Effect displayed when calling the images i. e. the name of a different fruit inside the boundary lines was interfered the participants for identified the fruit itself.

The present experiment efforts to seek out the intervention of Stroop Effect while utilizing somewhat different stuffs as past researches. The independent variable is the four trial sheets and the dependant variable is clip taken to finish each trial sheet. Whether the consequences will retroflex here. hypotheses are that the participants will taking longer clip to place the colour in trial sheet B than trial sheet A. shorter clip will happen for the participants to finish the undertaking in trial sheet A than trial sheet D. and the trial sheet C will acquire faster clip to acquire the correct reply than trial sheet B. The hypotheses are based on past researches that demoing the controlled procedure will interfered by the automatic procedure.

Method

Participants

144 people between the ages of 18 to 50 were participated in this experiment. They were all experimenters’ friends or household members who are English literate and non color-blind in any gender.

Materials

Four trial sheets and a pattern sheet are used in this experiment. Test sheet A has been drawn unit of ammunition colour shapes as a 50 cents coin’s size ; test sheet B is colour words with incongruent colourss ( e. g. . ruddy written in bluish colour ) ; test sheet C consists of color-related words shown in different related colourss ( e. g. . grass written in ruddy colour ) ; and prove sheet D has shown fruits which in different colourss with the usual fruits ( e. g. a violet lemon ) . Each trial sheet is included 10 objects/words. The pattern sheet included two parts of each trial sheet ( mention to Appendix A for all the four trial sheets and the pattern sheet ) . In add-on. each experimenter has a stop ticker to enter the clip taken for participant to finish the undertaking.

Procedure

The experiment was conducted separately in a suited location with minimal distraction to the participants. They were told that this experiment was investigated about how good people can place colourss and words but the true intent of the experiment did non been mentioned. The undermentioned direction had been read to each participant:

“I will now demo you a page with object/words written on it in different colourss. I would wish you to call the colour in which it is drawn/written every bit rapidly as possible. Please name out the replies aloud to me. If your reply is incorrect. I will state you and you will necessitate to reiterate it” ( cited in Cheong. 2004. March ) .

The pattern sheet was shown to the participant to look into whether they to the full understood the direction. The account was reiterating until they had understood. Then the four trial sheets were shown one in a clip for them to state the replies out aloud so that experimenter could look into the replies right. If they were incorrect. experimenter would state “wrong” and allow them give the replies corrected. The exact clip taken for them to finish the undertaking of each trial sheet had been recorded utilizing a halt ticker and the agencies of the clip taken from all the participants had been calculated.

Consequences

The clip taken from all the participants was totaled and the agencies had been calculated. A lower mean shown that the clip taken was shorter whereas a higher average shown the clip taken was longer ( in second ) . Different agencies were obtained for each trial sheet as recorded in Table 1.

Table 1

Average clip taken to place colourss in the trial sheets

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Test Sheet A Test Sheet B Test Sheet C Test Sheet D

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9. 54 14. 55 10. 58 10. 18

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The consequences shown in Table 1 indicated the participants took the longest clip to finish the undertaking in trial sheet B ( incongruent colour words ) which is 14. 55 whereas the shortest clip taken is 9. 54 to finish trial sheet A ( unit of ammunition colour forms ) . However. prove sheet C & A ; D acquire similar consequences which are 10. 58 & A ; 10. 18 bespeaking the different objects/words on these trial sheets did non do much different for participants to call the colourss.

Discussion

The consequences showed that incongruent colour words had the most consequence of intervention for the participants while unit of ammunition colour shapes without words’ visual aspect did non demo intervention. Therefore supported the hypotheses of the participants was replying trial sheet B slower than trial sheet A. test sheet A faster that test sheet D and test sheet C faster than trial sheet B.

The intervention of Stroop Effect was absolutely showed in this experiment’s consequences and consistent with the experiment of Stroop ( 1935 ) . This survey had successful replicated the findings of MacLeod & A ; Dunbar ( 1988 ) that the automatic procedure disrupted the controlled procedure.

Even the consequences obtained were satisfied by the experimenters. several failings had been discovered in this experiment. For case. the clip taken did non recorded accurately by the experimenter. The immediate action of pressing the stop ticker may be somewhat faster or slower. Second. the participants’ emotion such as jitteriness or physical wellness might act upon their public presentation in the experiment. In add-on. the environment of proceeded the experiment may non be suited. Another failing showed that the trial sheets may non being prepared carefully such as the size of words/objects may be excessively large or excessively little for the participants to read comfortably. Last. the participants’ consciousness strongly influenced the truth of this experiment such as they are dark people but the experiment took topographic point in the forenoon.

In decision. this survey showed the grounds of the phenomenon of Stroop Effect strongly. While farther research needs to be more specific and more truth in order to increase our cognition of cognitive procedure.

Mentions

Andrade. J. . Henderson. L. & A ; Kamiar. A. ( 1996 ) .Automaticity in Relation to the Stroop Interference Effect as a Consequence of Misspelled Color Words.Retrieved April 3. 2004 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. psych. ufl. edu/~levy/96_5. htm.

Arieh. Y. & A ; Algom. D. ( 2002 ) . Processing Picture-Word Stimulations: The contingent nature of image & A ; of word high quality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory. and Cognition. 28 ( 1 ). 221-232. In Cheong. W. ( 2004. March ) .The Stroop Effect Tutorial.Lecture presented to PY101 ( March ) . HELP Institute.

Hoover. H. L. . Kuck. D. E. . Manalo. J. Q. . & A ; Mattingly. M. C. ( 1996 )Color Relatedness and Emotionality: Further Analysis of the Stroop Effect.Retrieve April 4. 2004 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. psych. ufl. edu/~levy/96_2. htm

Macleod. C. M. & A ; Dunbar. K. ( 1988 ) . Training and Stroop-like intervention: Evidence for a continuum of automaticity.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory. and Cognition. 14. 126-135. . In Cheong. W. ( 2004. March ) .The Stroop Effect Tutorial.Lecture presented to PY101 ( March ) . HELP Institute.

Stroop. J. R. ( 1935 ) . Studies in intervention in consecutive verbal reactions.Journal of Experimental Psychology. 18. 643-662. . In Cheong. W. ( 2004. March ) .The Stroop Effect Tutorial.Lecture presented to PY101 ( March ) . HELP Institute.