The volume of a gas at changeless force per unit area additions when the temperature of the gas is raised. This observation was foremost made by Jacques A. C. Charles in 1787. A quantitative survey did non follow. nevertheless. until 1802. when Joseph L. Gay’ Lussac determined the relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature.

The relationship between the volume and the temperature of a gas at changeless force per unit area is known as Charles’s jurisprudence. Charles’s jurisprudence states that. at changeless force per unit area. the volume of a given mass of gas is straight relative to its Kelvin temperature. The jurisprudence may be expressed mathematically as

V=kT ( Eq. 1 )

where V is the volume. T is the Kelvin temperature of the gas. and K is a proportionality invariable. which is dependent on the mass of gas and the force per unit area.

If the force per unit area and the mass of a gas are kept changeless. Charles’s jurisprudence may be applied at two different temperatures. In Equation 2

V1 = k andV2 = K ( Eq. 2 )
T1 T2

V1 and T1 refer to the volume at temperature T1. V2 and T2 refer to the volume at temperature T2. If conditions are chosen so that the proportionality invariable is the same at both temperatures. Charles’s jurisprudence may he written

V1 =V2 ( Eq. 3 )
T1 T2

Charles’s jurisprudence may be verified by happening the volume occupied by a gas at two different temperatures. If the volume-to-temperature ratios are the same at both temperatures. Charles’s jurisprudence is verified. The gas you will utilize in this experiment is air. You will happen the volume of air in an Erlenmeyer flask at two different temperatures. First. the air in the flask will be heated to the boiling point of H2O ; the volume of air will be the volume of the flask. Next. the flask will be immersed in cold H2O without any loss of air. and H2O will hotfoot into the flask as the gas contracts and occupies a smaller volume. From the volume of the flask and the volume of H2O pulled into it. the volume of air at the temperature of the ice—water bath can be determined. In the ice-water bath. the air is collected over H2O. Air and H2O vapour will be present in the flask. Consequently. the volume of air must be corrected for the volume of H2O vapour. Then. you will cipher the volume-to-temperature ratio for the volume of the hot. dry air at the temperature of the H2O in the boiling-water bath and for the volume of cold. dry air at the temperature of the H2O in the ice-water bath. If these two volume-to-temperature ratios are the same within experimental mistake. you will hold verified Charles’s jurisprudence. [ movie ] Fig. 1

Procedure

1. Put up an setup for the Charles’s jurisprudence survey like that shown by your TA. Use a 100-mL calibrated cylinder to pour about 170—180 milliliters of H2O into a 400-mL beaker. Put the beaker on the hot home base.

2. Heat the H2O to boiling.

3. Fill a pneumatic trough with ice and H2O. Put the trough aside for usage in Step 11.

Note: Be certain the Erlenmeyer flask is exhaustively dry. Any H2O nowadays in the flask will do a big mistake in the deliberate volume-to-temperature ratio.

4. Dry a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask by pass overing the inner and outer surfaces with a dean. dry towel. Make certain the flask is exhaustively dry.

5. Firmly topographic point a gum elastic stopper ( outfitted with a glass rod. tube. and clinch ) into the top of the Erlenmeyer flask. Make certain that the clinch is steadfastly attached but that the gap in the gum elastic tube is non closed.

Remember the beaker of boiling H2O and the infinite straight above the beaker will be hot. The support base. Fe ring. public-service corporation clinch. and Erlenmeyer flask will besides be hot. Handle with attention!

Note: Be certain that the pinch clinch is non attached so tightly to the gum elastic tube that the gum elastic tube is closed.

6. Use a public-service corporation clinch to carefully attach the flask to the support rod merely above the boiling H2O. Slowly lower the flask into the beaker incorporating the boiling H2O until the flask is as wholly submerged as possible. Make non let the flask to touch the underside or the sides of the beaker. See Figure 1.

Note: Small sums of boiling H2O might hold to be added to the beaker during this clip to keep the H2O degree. Your research lab teacher will give you waies for managing the beaker incorporating the boiling H2O to be added.

Note: The figure looking in parentheses indicates the line on your Data Sheet on which that informations should be entered.

7. Keep the flask in the boiling-water bath for at least 6 min. 8. Insert a thermometer into the boiling-water bath for 3—4 min and step the temperature of the H2O. Record this temperature on your Data Sheet ( 1 ) .

Be careful while taking the hot flask from the boiling H2O. Do non fire yourself with the steam lifting from the boiling H2O.

9. With attention. tightly near the pinch clinch on the gum elastic tube. as near to the glass tube as possible without interrupting the glass rod. Use the public-service corporation clinch to take the flask from the boiling H2O. Quickly invert the flask in the trough of ice H2O.

10. Keep the flask wholly submerged with the glass tube besides submerged and indicating downward. While the terminal of the tube is submerged. open the pinch clinch. but do non take the clinch from that place on the tube.

11. Keep the flask submerged in the ice-water bath for 4 min. Measure the temperature of the ice H2O during this clip. Record this temperature on your Data Sheet ( 3 ) .

12. Keep the gum elastic tube and pinch clinch submerged and raise the flask until the H2O degree inside the flask is at the same tallness as the H2O degree in the pneumatic trough.

13. Tightly near the pinch clinch while doing certain the pinch clinch is every bit close to the glass tube as possible. Remove the flask from the trough.

14. Remove the gum elastic stopper assembly. Measure the volume of H2O in the flask to the nearest 1 milliliter by pouring the H2O into a dry. 100 milliliter graduated cylinder. Record this volume on your Data Sheet ( 2 ) .

15. Wholly fill the flask with H2O to the top of the flask. Open the pinch clinch on the gum elastic stopper assembly and reinsert the assembly into the flask to the same deepness as you did in the beginning. Tighten the pinch clinch and squash out the H2O in the gum elastic tubing above the clinch.

16. Open the pinch clinch. doing certain that the clinch remains in the same place on the tube Use a dry a 100-mL calibrated cylinder to mensurate the volume of H2O in the flask. including the H2O that was in the glass tube. Record this volume of H2O to the nearest millilitre on your Data Sheet ( 4 ) . This volume of H2O is the volume of the flask.

17. Your teacher should supply you with the barometric force per unit area. If the force per unit area is in inches or millimeter of Hg. record this force per unit area on your Data Sheet ( 5 ) . If the force per unit area is in millimeter of mercury record this force per unit area on your Data Sheet ( 6 ) .

Calculation

Make the undermentioned computations and record the consequences on your Data Sheet. The Numberss in parentheses refer to the numbered lines on the Data Sheet.

1. Find the volume of moisture. cold air. Subtract the volume of the H2O pulled into the flask ( 2 ) from the volume of the flask ( 4 ) . Record this volume on your Data Sheet ( 8 ) .

2. Convert the barometric force per unit area to an tantamount force per unit area in millimeter of mercury. if your force per unit area reading was made in units other than millimeter of mercury. utilizing Equation 4 or 5.
1 in. of Hg = 25. 4 millimeter of mercury ( Eq. 4 )
1 millimeter of Hg = 1 millimeter of mercury ( Eq. 5 )

Record this force per unit area on your Data Sheet ( 6 ) .

3. Find the force per unit area of the prohibitionist. cold air. Subtract the vapor force per unit area of the H2O in the ice-water bath from the barometric force per unit area ( 6 ) . The vapor force per unit area of H2O can be found a information tabular array in the lab. inquire your TA. Record the deliberate force per unit area on your Data Sheet ( 7 ) .

4. Find the volume of dry. cold air. Multiply the volume of the moisture. cold air ( 8 ) by the force per unit area of the dry air ( 7 ) . divided by the barometric force per unit area ( 6 ) . utilizing Equation 6.

volume of cold. prohibitionist. air. milliliter = ( volume of wet air. milliliter ) ( force per unit area of dry air. millimeter of mercury ) ( Eq. 6 )
barometric force per unit area. millimeter of mercury

Record this volume on your Data Sheet ( 9 ) .

5. Convert the temperature of the boiling H2O and that of the H2O in the ice-water bath from grades Celsius to Kelvin. utilizing Equation 7.
K =°C + 273. 2 ( Eq. 7 )

Record the Kelvin temperature of the H2O in the boiling-water bath on your Data Sheet ( 10 ) and the Kelvin temperature of the H2O in the ice-water bath on your Data Sheet ( 11 ) .

6. Find the volume-to-temperature ratio for the volume of hot. dry air at the temperature of the H2O in the boiling-water bath. Divide the volume of hot. dry air ( 4 ) by the Kelvin temperature of the boiling H2O ( 10 ) . Record this ratio on your Data Sheet ( 12 ) .

7. Find the volume-to-temperature ratio for the volume of cold. dry air at the temperature of the H2O in the ice-water bath. Divide the volume of cold. dry air ( 9 ) by the Kelvin temperature of the H2O in the ice-water bath ( 11 ) . Record this ratio on your Data Sheet ( 13 ) .

Post-Laboratory Questions Name. Sect.

1Several pupils performed this experiment without paying equal attending to the inside informations of the process. Briefly explain what consequence each of the undermentioned procedural alterations would hold on the size of the volume-to-temperature ratio calculated by the pupils

( a ) One pupil failed to refill the boiling H2O in the boiling-water bath as the flask was being heated. At the terminal of the 6 min of warming. the boiling H2O in the bath was merely in contact with the lower part of the flask.

( B ) Following the proper warming of the flask in the boiling H2O. a pupil removed the flask from the boiling-water bath but merely partly immersed the flask in the ice-water bath during the cooling period.

( degree Celsius ) A pupil neglected to shut the pinch clinch before taking the flask from the boiling-water bath and plunging it in the ice-water bath.

( vitamin D ) One pupil neglected to mensurate the volume of the flask before go forthing the research lab. Because the process called for a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. the pupil used 125 milliliter as the volume of the flask.

2. Measure your experimental consequences and briefly explain why they do or make non verify Charles’s jurisprudence. Data Sheet Name. Sect

| | |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |1 |temperature of H2O in the boiling-water bath. °C | | | |2 |volume of H2O pulled into the flask. milliliter | | | |3 |temperature of H2O in the ice-water bath. °C | | | |4 |volume of flask. milliliter | | | |5 |barometric force per unit area. ___________________ ( units ) | | | |6 |barometric force per unit area. millimeter of mercury | | | |7 |pressure of dry. cold air. millimeter of mercury | | | |8 |volume of moisture cold air milliliter | | | |9 |volume of dry. cold air. milliliter | | | |10 |temperature of H2O in the boiling-water bath. K | | | |11 |temperature of H2O in the ice-water bath. K | | | |12 |V/T for hot. dry air. mL/K | | | |13 |V/T for cold. dry air. mL/K | | |

Calculations ( Show all your work! ! ! )

Pre-Lab oratory Assignment
1. Describe the safety safeguards you must take when taking the flask from the boiling—water bath.

2. A pupil making this experiment collected the undermentioned informations:
temperature of boiling water99. 7 oC
volume of H2O pulled into the flask30. 0 milliliter
temperature of H2O in ice-water bath 0. 1 °C
volume of flask134. 0 milliliter
barometric force per unit area 28. 5 in. Hg
vapor force per unit area of H2O at 0. 1oC 4. 6 millimeter of mercury
( a ) Find the volume of moisture. . cold air.

( B ) Convert the barometric force per unit area from inches of Hg to torr

( degree Celsius ) Calculate the force per unit area of dry. cold air.
( vitamin D ) Calculate the volume of dry. cold air.

( vitamin E ) Convert the temperature of the boiling-water bath and that of the ice-water bath from Celsius to Kelvin.

( degree Fahrenheit ) Find the volume-to-temperature ratio for the volume of the hot. dry air at the temperature of the boiling-water bath.

( g ) Find the volume-to-temperature ratio for the volume of cold. dry air at the temperature of the ice-water bath. ( H ) Briefly explain why these values do or make non verify Charles’s jurisprudence.

3. Explain why the pinch clinch must be unfastened when the dry flask is heated in the boiling-water bath in Step 8 of the Procedure